Are the documentary filmmakers trying to persuade you of a certain Assignment

Are the documentary filmmakers trying to persuade you of a certain point of view - Assignment Example This power to persuade comes from the fact that documentaries deal with raw reality and in doing so, it becomes more convincing and powerful in many ways. It is not the camera as a passive recording device, but the man behind the camera, with his particular likes and dislikes that makes us attracted to a piece of documentary. From the very beginning, there were distinctly two types of filmmaking. The first one tries to portray the film as a tool of magic, in which we see what is possibly not seen in real life. A larger than life, magical representation. This method was pioneered by George Melies (1861-1938). The second one portrayed film as a capturing device that captures time in the form of image and sound. It captures reality as reality itself. This method was pioneered by Lumiere Brothers (Auguste Lumiere-1862-1954 and Jean Lumiere- 1864-1948). Thus Lumiere Brothers can be considered to be the father of documentary filmmaking. In the documentary mode of filmmaking, the man behind the camera captures the elements inside his frame, but at the same time, he is excluding most of the reality and portraying only a small portion of it. This very act of elimination gives the documentary filmmaker his particular power to emote, persuade and sometimes even provoke. By editing the film, the maker constantly persuades the audience to go through a recording of a series of events in a particular time sequence. We must remember that the very invention of film is based on the fact that somebody wanted to document motion in pictures and this gave rise to the motion picture or film. The very first piece of film by Lumiere Brothers is called: â€Å"Workers leaving the Lumiere Factory†. It was screened on 22nd March, 1895. It was a documentary footage of the workers leaving a factory after work. This film presented to the world the idea that reality can be captured and played back by the device of cinematography. The term ‘documentary’ was first used by Joh n Grierson in 1926. He was writing review for Robert Flaherty’s film â€Å"Moana†. He wrote that the film had ‘documentary’ value. Thus from the very beginning ‘documentary’ meant a very specific type of film. The propagandist approach can be seen from very early approaches like Dziga Vertov’s â€Å"Kino Pravda† (literally means cinematic truth) newsreel series. Vertov believed that a certain sequence of shots taken from samples of real life, will create a meaning, not observable by the naked eye. Thus by interpolating shots and inter-titles, he tried to etch meaning out of seemingly normal life. In the Nazi propagandist films during the time period between two World Wars, like Leni Reifenstahl’s â€Å"Triumph of the Will† (1935) we see groundbreaking techniques of aerial photography, camera movement, wide-angle lenses and coupled with that a fantastic use of music to create movement and rhythm. It contained excerpt s from speeches delivered by various Nazi leaders including Hitler, interspersed with footages of the gathering of about 70 million Nazi supporters. The film actually tried to portray a vision which was envisioned by Hitler: Germany as a great power having Hitler as its great leader. Thus over the ages we have noticed a tendency in filmmakers to make films where truth is portrayed in a peculiarly forceful manner. The film â€Å"Who Killed Vincent Chin† directed by Christine Choy and Renee Tajima-Pena begins with the testimony of the stripper Starlene who was

Media coverage of Big Brother Essay Example for Free

Media coverage of Big Brother Essay An analysis of how the notorious figure Jade Goody was represented in media coverage of Big Brother. Despite being the second last evicted from the big brother house, and apart from being popular in the public viewers eyes, Jade Goody has been portrayed by the media as a very objectionable individual whom is probably labelled as the worst housemate ever. In The Sun Jade has been exposed, as a stupid and drippy contestant who they strongly feel should be evicted from the house as soon as possible because of their stereotypical ways of commenting about an individual. The language in The Sun is very inadequate, Dated 18 June an article in The Sun uses other contestants in the house as their main evidence of her mouthy manners, which has effected and brought a commotion into many of the media press for Big Brother. Jade aimlessly, is not aware of the outside world. The sun uses slang to get messages across to the reader which puts the readers mind in a state of informality, something they too can have a laugh at. In article the press go a little too deep into her personal life and use a coverage about her jailbird dad to describe her outside life. They use this epithet in order to create tension and prejudice about jades conduct in the Big Brother house. Jade here is represented as a bad girl from a bad family who maybe has a lot of things that she can be contrasted too which stereotypically is the way The Sun label people. Being called a pig and being voted out, as a pig is not a very satisfying way to find out what the press has said about you. Jade in articles written by The Sun. Another headline that starts using her sexuality is the article dated June 19 in which the headline metaphorically refers to the sexual innuendo they make about her and PJ sleeping together, toe-job to blows job is connotation of her sexual life. In that particular article the writer tried to create jade as a person who is annoying as she is referred to as mouthy jade, tearful which doesnt show her as a strong participator at the beginning of something that can alter her way life. Using Jades mothers sexuality lesbian mother affects the public as they are put in spot where they are hypnotised to think that it is wrong to not be heterosexual. To the public reading an article about the sex life of celebrities amuses them and brings entertainment to their minds, however it can be a very sad thing to where the celebrity feels betrayed by people around them. The articles written by The Sun use many personal terms and stories to attract attention that it seems that the media like to exploit her private life to the public for personal rights. But it seems to be lacking in justice because doesnt jade have her rights as an individual? Her mother is described as an unmarried Jackie Budden, which adds to the pile of personal matters. Does it really matter if her mother wasnt married and it shouldnt really have an effect or change o the way jade will carry on winning to second place. The Sun seem very bias, they dont seem to like jade goody because of the fact that her dads in jail, her mothers sexuality and the way it differs from jade. Being a dental nurse has been contrasted to the way she doesnt seem to have helped people like her because in the sun she has been nominated as the nations most hated. It shows that they use her occupation too to describe her failure in the house. Many other types of comparisons are made about jade, for instance in an another article her yawing caught by a camera is contrasted to a baboon mimicking jade which is rather ironic about her nature. Many pictures that are put into the articles by The Sun portray her as an unflattering person, big boobs all carefully selected to make her look unattractive and not someone youd particularly want to follow in step wise. In the Jade should keep her big mouth shut article a picture of disgustingly easting a pizza fits with the heading. Underneath they use an alliteration to bring out the pun in her. Another form of imagery used by The Sun is a picture of her breast falling out of her bikini which has a heading of Jade Boobs again which could be a attire about her weight which isnt a nice way of representing someone. Throughout her time in Big Brother The Sun used many atrocious, narrow-minded comments about Jade to in a sense entertain the readers. However by presenting her as a pig, dimwit and many other forms of pessimistic and notorious descriptions the sun created a hateful and bitter side to jade. Because of the homophobic, stereotypical reputation that The Sun holds it fits the nature of the articles written by them to comment upon her like this. However in The Daily Mirror they use another way of presenting jade. Despite the fact that she may have been named a pig, a cow it doesnt stop them creating the anti-Big Brother campaign, which they take total, sides on Jade. The front page of the Daily Mirror has 3 pictures of Jade looking rather depressed and isolated. She is wearing a crucifix; with a white top, which could be a technique, this paper uses to bring out another side of Jade. Her innocence most likely. The headline starts off with Nobody Loves me, and underneath the picture the reporter has added his feelings but I do. which creates anxiety as well as excitement to the readers of who could be the person who does, and why. The page 10 coverage is rather different to the Suns reports on Jade as here she has been described as not the sharpest pin but who cares. This is a turning point to a debateable question of whether jade is a good or bad contestant. The article includes better pictures of her smiling, looking like she can have fun and as an innocent person. The article itself is optimistic about jade Kevin OSullivan admits that he has sympathy for the divine ms Jade which is rather ironic in sense for those who have just read the sun articles on jade goody. The article uses antonyms from the articles that are very pessimistic about her. The language here is more sympathetic and close to the heart. It seems more comfortable because the reader doesnt have to feel like they are pushed to believe each word. However here she is placed as a poor girl who richly deserves to win. However there are mocks about how she wont win beauty contests and how she is a blonde bumshell- sorry bombshell which shows that the writer in a way does see her as unpleasant he tries to keep it discreet. The article states how the reasons why they have created an anti big brother campaign was because they thought that they too fitted the crowd therefore it was time for a change. This represents jade as another person, here in this article she is not diversely exploited but mildly commented upon. It also seems that because of the fact that the sun has been commented upon by many people the Daily mirror needed to avoid being commented upon too. By creating a kind image to the reader they can help attract more readers. The daily mirror by adopting the title The anti-Big Brother campaign seems to have distanced them from war, since September 11th. By placing another anti subject apart from it helps readers get away from tension and to having some form of gentle entertainment. Both article pity jade however in the sun they use personal comments to create subversion by the readers for jade goody whereas in The Daily mirror they try to create sympathy and warmth. It really is a matter of decisions made by the readers of whom they take sides on. Jade has been presented rather poorly throughout her time in Big Brother due to her looks and personality. By creating her as a person that is ironically a failure in the show they have been able to capture a form gossip column for their readers to enjoy.

Phoenician Society: Role of Seafaring and Maritime Knowledge

Phoenician Society: Role of Seafaring and Maritime Knowledge Discuss the role of seafaring and maritime knowledge within Phoenician society and its expansion. Introduction. As a people the Phoenicians endured for some three thousand years and were already flourishing by 3,000 B.C. but it was not until about 1100 B.C., with the demise of the existing dominant peoples in the area, that the Phoenicians came to the fore as a significant force. From this time, until around 600 B.C., they dominated the Mediterranean by trading and establishing colonies one of the most important being Carthage. The success of their culture seems mainly to have been due to the proximity of the Mediterranean that encouraged dependence on seafaring and trade. Indeed, as Holst[1] indicates, international trade formed part of the guiding principles on which the Phoenician civilization was founded that also included a commitment to resilient partnerships, peaceful settlement of disputes, equality, privacy, religious freedom and respect of women. Although the majority of Phoenician trade was initially land based, a significant amount began to take place by sea[2] testified by the we alth of Tyre that, along with Byblos, Sidon, Arados and Simyra, were the main home-based Phoenician sea ports. Initially, Phoenician sea trade was mainly with the Greeks involving glass, slaves and Tyrian purple dye made from a sea shell called Murex and textiles coloured with such dyes formed one of the main Phoenician exports. Most of the major Mediterranean countries were involved in trade with the Phoenicians that included such commodities as cotton, timber, wool, precious stones, embroidery, wine, corn and various other foodstuff including spices whereas countries as far away as Spain traded metals such as tin, iron and lead.[3] The Importance of Trade Trade and colonisation originally centred on bartering indigenous timber as well as fishing skills, the latter of which is thought to have provided the competence for later seafaring abilities.[4] The far reaching sea trade of the Phoenicians took two forms – with existing Phoenician colonies and countries in navigable reach. The colonies provided a means by which the home country could be assured of supplies of goods deemed essential. In this respect, Cyprus became a colony to ensure the supply of wood and copper, Sardinia and Spain for useful metals. In return for such goods, Phoenicia supplied such finished items as cotton and linen, pottery, ornaments, weapons, and glass. It was not, however, just with the Mediterranean that trade occurred but also with the Propontis and ports within the Black Sea.[5] The dominance of Phoenicians in seafaring has not gone without criticism however as early reports of such supremacy in Homer’s Odyssey, and also by Herodotus, has been viewed by some modern commentators as erroneous.[6] The extent of Phoenician preeminence in this respect seems to have been settled by Bass’s underwater excavations of the Cape Gelidonya wreck that highlights the extent of Phoenician trade.[7] The archaeological evidence from this excavation seems therefore to support the dominance of Phoenician seafaring from 1200 B.C. onwards. The recent discovery of two exceptionally large Phoenician merchant ships adds further substance to this view.[8] It is probable that the Phoenician maritime empire was preceded by trade with various outposts throughout the Mediterranean or otherwise began as safe anchorage points along the coast.[9] It was only later that these places became colonies set up to protect Phoenician interests that required ships of war which, unlike merchant vessels were employed all year round,[10] to protect both colonies and trade routes. The Phoenician character of many of these ports was lost due to the rise and dominance of other powers such as the Greeks and Romans that has masked the extent of Phoenician influence. Importantly, trade by sea was linked to specialist product areas that otherwise would not have come together that allowed the Phoenicians to establish a rate of exchange to their advantage.[11] Transportation of various metals available in the western Mediterranean by sea, such as Spanish silver, thus allowed the Phoenicians to link the demand in the east, from countries like Assyria etc., to the raw material centres of the west. The Phoenicians also took advantage of turning the raw materials transported from the west into quality refined goods to be later exported. These products, because they tended to be more refined and better quality than what most other countries could supply, were therefore much sought after and such goods have been found in western ports such as Carthage.[12] Moreover, the direct sea route through the Mediterranean provided the best means of direct and efficient transport of materials and products and the extent of this trade along the Mediterranean is confirmed by the fact that Phoenician coins came to be manufactured in Tyre from the fifth century B.C. onwards.[13] The Extent of Phoenician Trade Links It is thought that the growth in Assyrian power and pressure on the coastal cities first led the Phoenicians to turn to seafaring.[14] In this respect, Assyrian power is thought to have blocked access to resources to the east to the extent that the Phoenicians were obliged to turn west towards the Mediterranean for raw materials.[15] Others, however, contend that it was the growth in Assyrian wealth and power that stimulated Phoenician interest in Mediterranean seafaring because of the increased demands for products.[16] This could have likewise been hastened by the economic growth and increased demand of Tyre and other Phoenician ports for raw materials. It is likely, however, that rather than one factor there was a set of interrelated events involving political, historical, economic criteria that led to the Pheonician exploitation of the Mediterranean. Indeed, Tyre and associated ports were ideally situated to act as a conduit through which the products and resources of the Mediter ranean and countries to the east could be exchanged.[17] Moreover, a massive investment in time and resources would have been required to mount expeditions throughout the Mediterranean by sea that suggests Tyre was economically and politically secure. The exploits of the Phoenicians in the Mediterranean should not be viewed as exploration as most of the main sea routes had been charted during the Bronze Age. Rather the Phoenicians were able to use and improve their maritime skills to become the dominant force in the Mediterranean for six hundred years. Yet, there are reports that they ventured much further afield which suggest exploration was part of a general outlook. For example, Herodotus reports that they sailed down the Red Sea to circumnavigate Africa returning via the Straits of Gibraltar.[18] Some even propose that they may have voyaged as far as southern Britain to acquire Cornish tin but this was probably based on indirect rather than direct trade.[19] In this respect, reports of a tin ingot discovered in a Cornish harbour similar to those of ancient Crete remain controversial.[20] The Veneti of Brittany may also have actually been Phoenicians who controlled the trade route to Britain and were thought to be adept seafare rs. The control of trade routes seems to have been a characteristic of Phoenician dominance in that this allowed more exclusive access to resources around and outside the Mediterranean that helped to reinforce Phoenician power. The interest in regions outside the Mediterranean is supported by the notion that some coastal ports such as the present Portuguese port known as Peniche is claimed to derive from the Greek for Phoenicia.[21] Moreover, there are many Phoenician remains to be found along the Portuguese coast.[22] Such exploits beyond the Mediterranean may have partially been encouraged by the fact that the Greeks had prevented Carthage from gaining access to the home ports.[23] Indeed, it may have been the rise in Greek power that led to Carthage becoming such an important city port for the Phoenicians in the central Mediterranean and could have been a factor leading, in the 8th century B.C., to Carthage succeeding Tyre as the main Phoenician city. There is also some evidence that the Phoenicians may have even reached some of the Atlantic islands such as the Azores and Canaries.[24] Ultimately, it was the rise in Greek power in the east, the barrier of the Atlantic in the west and the rise of Rome that bought an end to Phoenician power.[25] In sum, the Phoenician influence along the Mediterranean coastline appears to be both a consequence of great initiative and impressive seafaring skills that was instigated by the promise of trade and pressures from the rise in other Mediterranean powers to the east. Types of Boats The initial attempts in seafaring by Phoenicians are thought to have been quite crude based on travel between islands by means of rafts followed by more sophisticated but still crude sailing vessels inspired by the need to fish.[26] The first boats seemed to have consisted of a keel, a rounded hull and a raised platform for the steersman with the oars intersecting the bulwark.[27] This formed a template for a subsequent craft where four upright rowers operated curved oars in a boat that lacked a rudder with a mast held aloft by two ropes secured at the front and rear of the vessel. The mast, however, seems not to have been used for a sail, but to support a viewing structure from which an archer or other attacker was able to launch missiles. From this, a larger vessel evolved with a low bow and raised stern with a rudder with a pointed prow and oars on each side of about fifteen to twenty in number that the Greeks referred to as triaconters and penteconters that are represented on coi ns but were shown without a mast so must have been a type of refined rowing boat. Around 700 B.C. further advances occurred in ship construction in that, instead of being situated on one level, rowers were now placed on two levels thus doubling the number of oarsmen. These vessels were known as â€Å"biremes† by the Greeks and incorporated two steering oars issuing from the stern some with a mast and yardarm to support a sail that came in two forms one designed for war, the â€Å"long ship†, and another, with a more rounded prow used for the purpose of trade.[28] Inspired by the Greek example, the Phoenicians also went on to develop their own version of the trireme with three levels of rowers.[29] The size of these vessels can be gauged by the fact that the top level consisted of 31 rowers.[30] The Phoenicians have also been credited with inventing both the keel and ram as well as the caulking of planks with bitumen though some believe that the ram or beaked prow is said to have been adopted by the Phoenicians from the Mycenaeans It was the use of an adjustable sail, more oarsmen and a double steering oar that led to increased speed and manoeuvrability allowing the furthest points of the Mediterranean to be reached and it was the round-shaped merchant ships called â€Å"gaulos† that was mainly relied on in this respect.[31] Such innovations to ship construction illustrate the commitment of the Phoenicians to seafaring and their seafaring skills were so renowned throughout the ancient world that Phoenician ships and sailors were often co-opted into foreign war fleets.[32] Navigation The Phoenicians are thought to have invented the art of navigation. They used oars when there was little or no wind and large square sails at other times. Although they obviously practiced coastal navigation, the distribution of ports indicates that more long distance open sea voyages were also undertaken.[33] The fact that the Phoenicians had important centres at Sardinia, Sicily and Ibiza suggests that they often sailed the high seas. This would have involved extended periods at sea essential for the effective transportation of goods. They would probably, however, have employed short coastal journeys to travel from one port to the next but relied on deep sea navigation for longer voyages[34] and in places like the Aegean, with the many islands and dangerous currents, oars would have been used rather than sails. It is thought that the Phoenicians were also able to sail at night and used the Pole star and knowledge of astronomy for navigation. This knowledge along with the fact that , given favourable viewing conditions, land is nearly always visible anywhere in the Mediterranean -allowed the Phoenicians to use their seafaring skills to good effect. Conclusion The Phoenicians obviously depended on seafaring skills in order to extend trade links and their influence throughout the Mediterranean and beyond. This seems to have gone hand in hand with a need to develop more sea worthy vessels and navigational abilities to venture further into the open seas. Evidence from historical documents, such as found in Herodotus and others, indicate the extent of Phoenician maritime skills that evolved in tandem with the foundation of ever distant colonies and trading outposts. These skills seem to have been further encouraged by the advantages that came from the home ports being located where raw material from the west, which were in demand by countries in the Levant, could be traded for finished products. The Phoenicians were able to exploit this further by producing high quality manufactured goods that were exported to all areas thus increasing their economic power and wealth that allowed more sophisticated ships to be built for longer voyages. This te ndency is reflected in the progressive growth in Phoenician influence and colonisation from east to west from about 12,000 B.C. onwards. Trade went first, however, with colonisation following when the opportunity arose. Ultimately, however, Phoenician influence may have declined in the Mediterranean due to an over-reliance on seafaring that was unable to compete with more land based powers. In other words, their greatest strength eventually became their greatest weakness. Bibliography Aubert, M. E. (2001) The Phoenicians and the West – Politics, Colonies and Trade. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge. Boardman, J. Edwards, I. E. S., Hammond N. G. L. (1991) ‘Preface’ in, The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and Other States of the Near East, from the Eighth to the Sixth Centuries B.C. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge. Basch, L. (1969) Phoenician Oared Ships. The Mariner’s Mirror. 55, pp. 139-162. Barnett, R.D. (1958) Early Shipping in the Near East. Antiquity 32 (128): pp. 220-230. Bass, G. F. (1972) A History of Seafaring based on Under-water Archaeology. Walker Company: London. Boucher-Colozier, E. 1953. Cahiers de Byrsa III, 11. Casson, L. (1971) Ships and Seamanship in the Ancient World. Princeton University Press: Princeton. Culican, W. (1991) ‘Phoenicia and Phoenician colonization.’ In The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and Other States of the Near East, from the Eighth to the Sixth Centuries. B.C. J. Boardman, I. E. S. Edwards, N. G. L Hammond, editors. (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge) pp. 461-545. de Sà ©lincourt, A. (1959) The Histories (Herodotus). Penguin: Harmonsworth. Diodorus Siculus. (1935) Library of History. C. H. Loeb Classical Library. Harvard University Press: Cambridge, MA. Frankenstein, S. 1979 ‘The Phoenicians in the Far West: a function of Neo-Assyrian imperialism. In, Power and Propoganda. A Symposium on Ancient Empires. M. T. Larsen, editor. (Akademisk Forlag: Copenhagen) pp. 263-294. Guthrie, J. 1970. Bizzare Ships of the Nineteenth Century. Hutchinson: London. Grayson, A. K. (1991) Boardman, J. Edwards, I. E. S., Hammond N. G. L. (1991) ‘Assyrian Civilization’. In The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and Other States of the Near East, from the Eighth to the Sixth Centuries B.C. J. Boardman, I. E. S. Edwards, N. G. L Hammond, editors. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge. pp. 194-228. Greenberg, M. (1997) Ezekiel 21-37: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary. Anchor Bible, Vol 22A. Doubleday: New York. Harden, D. (1948) The Phoenician on the West Coast of Africa. Antiquity. 22: p. 147. Harden, D. (1962) The Phoenicians. Thames and Hudson: London. Harrison, R. J. (1988) Spain at the Dawn of History: Iberian, Phoenicians and Greeks. Thames and Hudson: London. Hencken, O’Neil. H. (1932) The Archaeology of Cornwall and Scilly. Methuen: London. Hill, G. F. (1910) Greek Coins of Phoenicia. British Museum. Holst, S. (2005) Phoenicians: Lebanon’s Epic Heritage. Cambridge and Boston Press: Los Angeles. Moscati, S. and Grassi, P. (2001) The Phoenicians. I.B. Tauris: London. Perrot G. and Chipiez, C. (1893) Histoire de lArt dans lAntiquità ©. Hachette: Paris. Rawlinson, G. (2004) History of Phoenicia. Kessinger:Montana Tilley, A. (2004) Seafaring on the Ancient Mediterranean. BAR International Series. 1268. Archaeopress/J. and E. Hedges: Oxford. 1 Footnotes [1] Holst, 2005 [2] See, for example, Judgement of Ezekiel 26-1– â€Å"Judgement on Tyre† in Greenberg, 1997 [3] Perrot and Chipiez, 1893 [4] Culican, 1991 [5] Tilley 2004 p. 76 [6] Tilley, 2004; p. 77 [7] Bass, 1972 [8] Tilley, 2004; p. 78 [9] Harden, 1962; p. 158. [10] Moscati and Grassi, 2001; p.85. [11] Harrison 1988; p. 42 [12] See, for example, Boucher-Colozier, 1953 [13] Hill, 1910 [14] Frankenstein, 1979 [15] Aubert, 2001; p. 70 [16] Culican 1991; p. 486 [17] Harrison, 1988 [18] see de Sà ©lincourt, 1959 [19] Harden, 1962; p. 171 [20] Hencken, 1932. [21] Guthrie, 1970; p. 103 [22] Tilley, 2004; p. 80 [23] Harden, 1962; p.171 [24] See, for example, Diodorus Siculus 1935 v. 20; Harden, 1948 [25] Boardman et al. 1991; p. xvi. [26] Rawlinson,; 2004 p. 122. [27] Ibid. [28] Perrot and Chipiez, 1893; p. 34 [29] Basch, 1969 [30] Casson, 1971 p. 95 [31] Barnett, 1958 [32] Grayson,1991; p. 220 [33] Aubert, 2001; p. 167 [34] Moscati and Grassi (2001); p. 84

Essay --

When an individual is apprehend and charged with a crime, they must understand what they must be fully aware and be able to perform crucial personal and legal function. This is known to be competent. There are various types of legal competences that must be known such as the competency to confess, competency to waive Miranda rights, competency to make treatment decision and etc. In essences, competence is referring to being cognitively aware of the decision that a one is making such as confessing to a crime while understanding the consequences that will occur should they continue to confess. However, criminals that have a mental illness or defect might not appreciate the nature of their crime and might have difficulty understanding the stages of the trial (Costanzo, & Krauss 2012). These criminals would have to have a competency to stand trial evaluation established in order to continue trail. Competency to stand trial (CTS) was first established in the 1960 case Dusky v United Stat es. In this case, the Supreme Court set the benchmark in CTS stating a defendant is not competent to stand trial if due to mental illness and/or defect; he lacks the cognitive capacity to assist counsel and aid in his own defense with a sensible degree of rational understanding or if the defendant does not have a rational understanding of the proceedings charged against him. Since Dusky v United States created the bench mark for CTS, there have been many other cases and Supreme Court decisions that have modified and refined CST. The three main cases that demonstrate this modification to CST are; Washington v Harper (1990), Riggins v Nevada (1992) and Sell v United states (2003). Each of these cases demonstrated the government attempting to restore the... ...e medication to Sells. The medical hearing officer claimed that Sells delusional thinking could lead him into becoming dangerous. Sell’s challenges being medicated in court. The question that the Supreme Court must answer is if the U. S Constitution allows the federal government to administer antipsychotic medication to a defendant that is mentally ill but not dangerous in order for him to become CTS for a severe but nonviolent crime. The Supreme Court decided that the Constitution allows the government to forcibly administer antipsychotic drugs to a mentally ill defendant. However, the treatment must be medically suitable for the individual and will not cause side effects that won’t distribute the defendant during his trail. Another important factor that the government pointed out was if there was trail was significantly important to the governments’ interest. Essay -- When an individual is apprehend and charged with a crime, they must understand what they must be fully aware and be able to perform crucial personal and legal function. This is known to be competent. There are various types of legal competences that must be known such as the competency to confess, competency to waive Miranda rights, competency to make treatment decision and etc. In essences, competence is referring to being cognitively aware of the decision that a one is making such as confessing to a crime while understanding the consequences that will occur should they continue to confess. However, criminals that have a mental illness or defect might not appreciate the nature of their crime and might have difficulty understanding the stages of the trial (Costanzo, & Krauss 2012). These criminals would have to have a competency to stand trial evaluation established in order to continue trail. Competency to stand trial (CTS) was first established in the 1960 case Dusky v United Stat es. In this case, the Supreme Court set the benchmark in CTS stating a defendant is not competent to stand trial if due to mental illness and/or defect; he lacks the cognitive capacity to assist counsel and aid in his own defense with a sensible degree of rational understanding or if the defendant does not have a rational understanding of the proceedings charged against him. Since Dusky v United States created the bench mark for CTS, there have been many other cases and Supreme Court decisions that have modified and refined CST. The three main cases that demonstrate this modification to CST are; Washington v Harper (1990), Riggins v Nevada (1992) and Sell v United states (2003). Each of these cases demonstrated the government attempting to restore the... ...e medication to Sells. The medical hearing officer claimed that Sells delusional thinking could lead him into becoming dangerous. Sell’s challenges being medicated in court. The question that the Supreme Court must answer is if the U. S Constitution allows the federal government to administer antipsychotic medication to a defendant that is mentally ill but not dangerous in order for him to become CTS for a severe but nonviolent crime. The Supreme Court decided that the Constitution allows the government to forcibly administer antipsychotic drugs to a mentally ill defendant. However, the treatment must be medically suitable for the individual and will not cause side effects that won’t distribute the defendant during his trail. Another important factor that the government pointed out was if there was trail was significantly important to the governments’ interest.

Economic Liberalism Essay

Economic liberalism was the prevailing economic philosophy in much of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, and the U. S. economy developed within its framework. Economic liberalism promoted freedom of action for die indivi ¬dual and the firm through the doctrines of free trade, self-interest, private prop ¬erty and competition. According to this philosophy, individuals were free to seek their own occupa ¬tions, to enter any business, and to act as they saw fit to improve their economic welfare. Economic society was held together by mutual exchanges founded on the division of labor and prompted by self-interest. Self-interest was thus the motivat ¬ing force of the economy. For example, to increase personal economic welfare, an individual might decide to produce goods and sell them for a profit. Bur. in so doing, that individual automatically benefited the community as well—by pur ¬chasing raw materials, providing employment, and supplying goods or services. Workers seeking to increase their wages could do so by increasing productivity. This, too, benefited the employer and the community in general. According to Adam Smith (often called the father of economics), the individual, in seeking personal gain, was led by an invisible hand to promote the welfare of the whole community. Under economic liberalism, individuals were free to engage in the trade, occupation, or business they desired. Workers were free to move from one job to another and to enter into or exit from any industry. Workers were free to work or not to work, and businesses were free to produce or nor to produce. Competition was the regulator of the economy under economic liberalism. Businesses competed with one another for consumer trade by developing new and better products and by selling existing products at lower prices. Free entry into the market ensured ample competition, and prices were determined by the free forces of supply and demand. Equilibrium prices were determined by the actions of individual buyers and sellers, with each buyer and seller acting in his or her own self-interest. Whenever there was excesses on either the supply or the demand side, markets behaved as though there were an invisible hand of competition guiding them back toward equilibrium, where supply equaled demand. This unseen force seemed to select prices that cleared the market by eliminating surpluses and shortages. Equilibrium prices received by sellers and paid by consumers were equal to production costs. Thus, by each individual max ¬imizing his or her own self-interest, everyone benefited. Competitive forces deter ¬mined not only the prices of goods and services but also wage rates. In theory, economic liberalism was a sound philosophy, and the early U. S. economy prospered under it. But it was not without its weaknesses. The most pronounced weaknesses were its dependence on the beneficial effects of self- interest and its undue reliance on competition to regulate the economy and pro ¬mote the general welfare. Unfortunately, self-interest in many cases translated into greed and abuse of economic liberty. At the same time, competition proved to be an inadequate guarantor of the free market.

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buy custom Research Sports essay Sport is the activity that people do for leisure and many times for winning. It is a physical or mental engagement that stimulates people to compete with one another for fame, ego, prizes or just keeping fit. Sport is an ancient activity whose origin is stipulated to have been China while other sources claim to be Greek. It is unlikely that sports is a definitive term for people have exceeded the limits supposed to be sporting limits to involve dangerous activities and name them sports (Allen 1992). The line between sport and other activities cannot be drawn if we take winning and physical engagement as terms for defining sports. Over centuries, sports have ceased from being regional to being international with major big sporting held all over the world. Despite the popularity that sport has gained over time, it has been linked to controversy and at times taking a political twist. Socially, sport is believed to be an event that enables people to interact with one another and at the same time challenging opponents for fame and prizes (Allen 1996). Major sporting events have been used by initiative to mobilize people to take a stand on certain economic, social, environmental and health issues. Many people have made careers out of sports, these include professional football players, basketball players, rugby, tennis, golf, boxing and cycling among many others. Sport as a physical event requires people to keep fit of their bodies in order to keep up with rivals and challenges of the nature of sport they are involved in. To keep fit, sportsmen have either engaged in extreme exercising or have tried to use muscle stimuli drugs to assist them to beat their competition. For this case, sporting is both beneficial and dangerous activities for participants and fans (Gleyse 2006). Violence has been associated with sporting events where hooliganism and misguided celebrations escalate out of proportion. Sports, besides being a winning or losing event have been modified in some communities or during some events to act as a social of bonding fiber. As an art, sports have been growing steadily in terms of fans, participants, margin of target group as well as activities for the sports. Extreme sports, although a psychological thrill, have been listed as official sports in some events like the Olympics and other regionally held events. History of Sports From early 2000 BC, China was reported to have held sporting events that included gymnastics and other related events. Despite this early awakening in the world or discovery of sport, it is, however not known when exactly the discovery of first sporting event was held for the first time on earth. Speculations say that, Greeks were the pioneers of sports for having discovered the Olympics (Gleyse 1997). The Olympics, although a largely celebrated event all over the world currents, does not make a basis that where it started marks the start of sports. Anciently, sports were taken as a regional event that would be held in certain specific locations within specific communities. Sports as defined by some scholars, it is an event where athletes foster togetherness while at the same time displaying their skills in the various activities they engage in. For this reason, the spirit of togetherness forced rugby and football players to avoid such countries like South Africa for its policy of apartheid. As much as sportsmen would like to hold sporting events for social and spiritual nourishment purposes, South Africas apartheid policy did not appeal to players and sports sponsors therefore taking South Africa off the sporting grind of hosting nations for sports (Mangan 1996). The influence of this issue besides others helped South Africa in abolishing and regarding apartheid as demining policy. Long before the war between Japan and China of 1937, Japanese soldiers trained commercial arts as a means of self-defense in case of a bitter turn of events. Besides riffles and other forms of weaponry, this military lot thought combat could use a little more physical training. These events unveiled the interest of the public to train in various forms of commercial arts for self-defense. In addition, it seems that many of Japanese citizens were familiar or effective in using a certain form of commercial art to defend themselves that this art was taken to sporting events where people would challenge others (Martin 2007). This later spread across Asia and currently is an installment in the Olympics. Violence in Sports 1 in every 5 football events ends up with chaos with 2 of every game having scenes of confrontations and unfair play. Fair play is a requirement that professionals sportsmen thrive to campaign for by following rules and regulations of the activities they participate in. As a matter of fact, scientists have concluded that a fair play cannot be achieved in professional sporting events because the psychology of a sportsman does not allow for defeat and if anything, even if it involves penalties, will be ried to make sure losing is not a predetermined result. In these events, players who would like to win in any means possible meet with rivals who would do anything not to be defeated. In such a clash, it has been argued by Dr. Thomas (1993), that any form of aggression by any opposing team or participant would be met with equal aggression, therefore, causing chaos (Scott 2004). For this reason, sporting is not about the physical skill and motivation to win, it is more of psychological ef fect that encloses sense and replaces with ego. In sports, violence does not always start or get instigated by participants. Fans have been an active source of violence in many sporting events all across the globe. Violence instigated by fans has two twists: fans attacking players and fans of different sides attacking each other. As much as one side starts the aggression, the other responds therefore sending the whole event or moment to chaos. Sports events, long after they have concluded or before they start, have the potential to send fans into riots and acts of violence especially in times when furious fans lose to their longtime enemies. Decision-making process of some referees and assistant referees has been regarded as controversial with the potent of causing chaos. For a long time, referees have been targets of violence in sporting events for either fans or participating sportsmen. The decisions made by referees affect both competing sides either positively or negatively. The side that feels to be negatively affected may take it on the referee or on the rival party. With the restrictions and penalties sportsmen are subjected to in order to observe ethics, physical violence has subsided therefore giving a rise to sports cold war (Kyle 2007). This raise involves use of offensive language to attack one another while at the same time crossing the boundaries of racism. Sports and Politics International political relations between nations have spilt to the sporting world. Americans have been on many occasions supporting nations at war against the Soviet Union and this has left a dent in the relationship between the USA and Russia. Israel, on the other hand, is known to be an ally of the USA in terms of providing war back up and supporting USAs military policies and interventions. To put this in context, during the 1972 Olympics in Berlin, masked men sneaked into the hotel of Israeli team and killed several sportsmen. The relationship of Germany and USA and their allies were not good before and after the World War II (Rinehart 2000). For this case, Germany would launch attacks on British, USA and their allies and other nations they had confrontations with then fail taking responsibility. Adolf Hitler was an Austrian by birth and German by existing and growing in Germany. Hitler became the leader and commander of Nazi movement that launched a series of attacks and attempts to overthrow the Germany government during the 1920s. When Hitler became the leader of Germany, he pushed on policies that intimidated the world and through it into World War II. In 1942, a football match that was classified as a sport was used to punish prisoners of war. The motive of the game was unknown and the referee was a biased Nazi soldier who led to the winning of the German side. Following this defeat, the prisoners of war were mostly tortured and killed afterwards the football match is the best-known as Death Match (Samson Fafard 2002). Africa is a large continent with variety of resources and potential leaders but one of the poorest in the entire world. Sporting events have been deteriorating in this continent due to corruption in various sporting departments and associated ministries. Take Kenya, an East African country best known for producing unsurpassed marathon and long distance athletes, for example, was banned by FIFA from participating in any FIFA sponsored event due to political involvement. This decision was reached after the Minister for Sports did speak during 2009-2010 duration (Schenk 1994). Sports as an Art Art is referred as the ability of arranging items in a certain chronological order to influence emotion, sense and intellect. Traditionally, art refers to skill and mastery of a certain activity. Sports as an art influence mastery of skills as well as emotions and sense. When different groups of people foster for change in the way the environment is treated, they use sporting events or organize sporting events to make their points sail. Miss World is an event that connects beauty with imagination and brains. As a sport, Miss World events draw a sense of belonging and a theme for participants to hold on to as relevance of the event. Environmentalists have used the event as a platform for installing sense to people on how to conserve the environment (Rinehart 2000). On another point, obesity is a killer condition that has taken the lives of many American citizens and this has fostered a need to enlighten people on this issue. For this case, governmental and non-governmental organizatii ons have launched sporting campaigns to help people to deal with their personal health issues. Japanese and the Chinese boost of being the pioneers and discoverers of Karate and Kung Fu among other commercial art fighting techniques. As a tool or vice for achieving inner peace, the Japanese and Chinese use these commercial art installments as sports that help them to achieve psychological relaxation. As an art, this sport helps these people and other interested parties to connect emotionally in sense and master of skill (Kyle 2007). Sports as a Career Professional sportsmen are some of the well paid people in the world besides CEOs of multibillion organizations and drug cartel. Among the best paying sports include American football, professional football, golf, tennis, baseball, Formula 1, and cycling. Besides the trophies and associated cash prizes that the sportsmen expect after winning games, sponsorships and contracts entered into guarantee good pay over the period agreed (Simon 1985). Many people have shown interest in sporting and this has triggered a response of investors to investing in sports. The interest that people all over the world in buying tickets and subscribing to pay TV to watch their favorite sports has triggered a sense of taking sports of our daily lives. Sponsors and investors are sponsoring and investing in sports that seem to have the biggest number of fans or subscribers. In this sense, contracts between players or sportsmen and the sponsors is a way of creating careers in sports. European Football is one of the most sponsored sport in the world with players getting as much as 3 million Euros per year while others garnering 42 million US Dollars for a duration not exceeding 5 years of contract. Many sponsors do not pay the players this much because the returns of the clubs or teams they play for are very big but because the companies behind the sponsorships use such deals as marketing deal therefore providing careers for players (Soden, 2003). Like other sports, football is not about winning to guarantee the careers of players but rather the potential and marketing of products made by their respective sponsors. Sport as a career is an overrated profession whose players survival on the top spot depends on individual performance and this sets the difference of salaries between one player and another. Many risks are involved in this line of career in terms of personal health and physique. Many are times when players have to train and participate in games held in places with harsh weather conditions. On the other hand, the nature of some sports puts the players at various risks of body injury and mental instability. Some of these sports with the potential of causing body injuries include football, American football because of the nature of tackling as well as the level of aggression, ice hockey for the use of blades for skating, horseback racing due to the probability of falling from the inhuman creatures and car racing around a circular track due to the high chances of collision (Sugden Tomlinson 2000). For these instances, more people use sports as careers, injury and health is equally put o n the line. Influence of Technology on Sports On the fifty-first minute into the football game between Argentina and England in the World Cup of 1986, Diego Maradona, an Argentinian player scored an illegal handball goal that went unrealized. Considering the level of technology at that moment, the illegal goal was as a wakeup call for football to embrace newer technologies to counter errors of judgment during matches (Martin 2007). During the early times of 1990s and before, sport was an event people would attend by travelling and its market was close to zero on media. With technology advancement, sports have gained more fame and people take them as part of life regarding the invention of color televisions, powerful cameras and reliably fast networks for transmission. As of today, physical tickets for watching major sporting event comprise to less than 20% of the total revenue sports events get. This means that sports have embraced technology to sell more over the air than attract people to watch live games. Televising Formula 1 races would not be possible if faster transmitting channels were not in place to enable this crucial requirement (Scott 2004). Conclusion Sport is any activity that people engage in with the aim of challenging each other in order to win in exchange for making themselves feel good, get prizes or prove a point. Sports have revolved from just being community-based events to internationally recognized and accepted form of keeping fit as well as entertainment. Sport is both a source of income as well as a number of life changing occurrences like injuries, health, and economical value to the participant. The commercial side of sports was fully realized with the technological revolution that put up fast networks for transmission and television sets that complete the need of viewers from all over the world. Buy custom Research Sports essay

Air Transport And Legislation In Europe Tourism Essay Example

Air Transport And Legislation In Europe Tourism Essay Example Air Transport And Legislation In Europe Tourism Essay Air Transport And Legislation In Europe Tourism Essay Created on August 31st 1933, Airfrance is the chief Gallic air hose company. It serves the chief Gallic airdromes and besides many of foreign finish. Her chief ub is situated has AÂ «A Paris Charles De GaulleA AÂ » . KLM: KLM Royal Dutch Airlines is a Dutch air hose company created on October 7th 1919 in Amsterdam in the Netherlands. In 2008, the company is based at Schiphol airdrome in Amsterdam and her fleet flies towards 131 finishs in 65 different states. In 2004, KLM and Air France merged to make the group Air France-KLM, first universe air group functioning 326 finishs accross the universe through of import platforms of correspondence as the Roissy-Charles de Gaulle airdrome or the Schiphol airdrome. KLM is a member of SkyTeam since September, 2004. KLM portions, since June 6th 2005, her trueness plan called Flying Blue with Air France, who is the laminitis of Skyteam. The success of the public offer of exchange on KLM allows the new group, based on the construct AÂ «A a group, two companies, three jobsA AÂ » , to prosecute rapidly its scheme. Three degrees of precedences were released: the chase of the control of the costs for each company, the execution of the synergisms, the development of the SkyTeam confederation with the coincident entranceof KLM, Northwest Airlines and Continental Airlines ( ab initio spouses of KLM ) Alitalia: Alitalia is the chief Italian air hose company, created in 1946. From 2006, the Italian authorities looks for campaigners to get Alitalia For the connexions between Italy and France, the companies operate in joint venture ( as a individual company ) . There are really 582 hebdomadal flights for which merely 30,6 % are assured by Alitalia, In January, 2009, the Italian company has eventually accepted the rigorous conditions of the return over by the Air France KLM group. British Air passages: British Airways is the national air hose company of the United Kingdom. It operates domestic and international flights since its chief hub at the London Heathrow airdrome. British Airways is the 3rd European air hose company after the group Air France-KLM and German Lufthansa. British Airways is a laminitis of Oneworld. The scheme of British Airways is to take a firm stand of a good quality of the service, ( good repute of the First category, World ou Europe nine ) . On November 12th, 2009, the company announces that it will unify with Iberia in 2010. On April 8th, 2010, the amalgamation between the company and Iberia is made functionary. The new group will be called AÂ «A International Airlines GroupA AÂ » . A Air Europa: Air Europa Lineas Aereas, is a Spanish air hose company established in 1986. Previously called Air Espana, it was the first private Spanish company to do scheduled flights. Since September 1st, 2007, Air Europa is an associate member of the SkyTeam confederation. On June 22nd, 2010, Air Europa becomes a full member. It belongs to Globalia Corporacion Empresarial S.A. Lufhtansa: Lufhthansa is the first German national air hose company every bit good as the first European air hose company in riders footings transported in forepart of Air France-KLM. Today, it is considered as a pillar of Star Alliance. Lufthansa holds Lufthansa Cargo and since 2005 Swiss International Air Lines. The company was established in 1926 in Austria following the amalgamation of two German companies: Deutsche Aero Lloyd and Junkers Luftverkehr on January 6th. From 1992 the German State began the denationalization of the company which ended in 1997 when it became wholly private. It s chief hub is the international Francfort Airport. On November 27th, 2008, Lufhthansa creates an Italian subordinate, Lufthansa Italia, to set up on the Italian market. The Alliance Between air hose companyA : The confederations between air hose companies are understandings of cooperation between air hose companies. For basically economic grounds an air hose company operates from a individual base, or from a figure really limited. Airline companies make often bilateral understandings with a local company to farm out or interchange services: cheque in, planes care. With the development of the traffic and the competition between companies, these wanted to further client trueness. The chosen tool is the trueness plan which, to work efficaciously has to let the rider to link a upper limit of finishs. The figure of these confederations may non diminish because the United States and the European governments are worried about the maintaining of the competition. The oldest large confederation still here today was found in 1989, when Northwest Airlines and KLM signed an understanding of flight in sharing of large-scale codification: today these two companies are portion of SkyTeam since the amalgamation of KLM with Air France in 2004. Alliance ObjectiveA : Development of client trueness Generation of the services in the airdrome: private waiting suites, local bureau of representation. Addition of the figure s finishs. Unique cheque in and easy correspondence between flights within the same confederation. Similar service on the whole web. The three chief alliancesA : A Star Alliances Oneworld Skyteam Passengers for twelvemonth 586,6 1000000s 329,8 1000000s 395 1000000s Market portion 29,30 % 18 % 19 % Companies ( non tie in member ) Adria Airways Air Canada Air China Air New Zealand ANA Asiana Airlines Austrian Airlines Bluel BMI Brussels Airlines Continental Croatia Airlines Egyptair LOT Polish Airlines Lufhthansa SAS Singapore Airlines South African Airways Spanair Swiss TAM Linhas Aereas TAP Air Portugal Thai Airways International Turkish Airlines United Airlines Us Airways American Airlines British Airways Iberia Cathay Pacific Finnair Japan Airlines LAN Malev Quantas Royal Jordanian S7 Airlines Aeroflot Aeromexico Airfrance KLM Alitalia China Southern Airlines CSA Czech Airline Delta Korean Air Tarom Air Europa Kenya Airways Vietnam Airlines Network: strong point United statess and Canada Caribbean South Americ West Europe Eastern Europe Middle East Asia Australia New Zealand Pacific Island United statess and Canada Mexico Caribbean Central America West Europe Asia Australia and New Zeland Pacific Island United statess and Canada Mexico Caribbean West Europe Eastern Europe Middle East Asia Network: weak point Mexico ( America West Merger ) Africa ( South African Airways ) Africa Australia and New Zeland B ) Legislation in Europe 1 ) AIR SAFETY Safety of the civil air power: common regulations To protect the air conveyance of individuals and the goods, the European Union established applicable common regulations in all the Union to forestall the Acts of the Apostless of illicit intercession. The regulations is applied to all the airdromes or to the parts of airdromes under the district of a state of the EU. The regulations are non merely applied to the airdrome companies but besides to every administration working in the airdrome. Common basic normsA : The common basic norms of protection of the civil air power concern: the airdrome safety airdromes delimited country the safety of aircrafts the riders and the a piece of hand-luggage the registered luggage The cargo and the mail ; the mail and the equipment of air hose company ; the supply of border and letter paper intended for airdromes ; steps of security in flight the enlisting and the preparation of the staff ; the equipments of safety. Aviation security charges This proposal is to set up a common model modulating the indispensable security charges and their computation in order to guarantee transparence in regard of airdrome users. Requirement for air bearers to pass on rider informations This Directive requires air bearers to roll up and convey to the governments of the Member State of finish responsible for boundary line control, informations on their riders. In instance of non-compliance, they can be fined or, in instance of serious misdemeanor, it would take to forfeiture of the conveyance or remotion of the operating license. These informations are transmitted to those governments for enrollment of riders, they are usually sent electronically to the governments. A comprehensive attack to informations transportation Passenger Name Record ( PNR ) This memoranda establishes a set of general standards for bilateral transportation of PNR informations ( PNR ) between the Union ( EU ) and 3rd states to harmonise processs between transmittal and the commissariats refering informations protection. The European Union ( EU ) has adopted new steps to counter the menace of terrorist act and organized offense presented in the Commission Communication on the direction of information in the country of freedom, security and of justness. These steps include the usage of PNR ( Passenger Name Record, PNR ) * for jurisprudence enforcement intents. PNR informations are progressively used, which raises the inquiry of protection of personal informations PNR The present proposition of determination imposes on air hose companies due to go forth towards the European Union ( EU ) to pass on a set of informations, the informations PNR, with the national inhibitory governments. This transmittal is merely realized in the intent to forestall ( warn ) or to contend ( difference ) the terrorist act and the organized criminalism. Airline companies have to pass on by electronic manner, in specific governments, the Unit of measurements of impermanent information ( URP ) , the informations PNR relation to the international flights. THE URP indicated by each Member province, is a being asked to roll up the informations PNR passed on by these bearers. Once the informations were collected by the URP, this one makes their analysis by continuing to an rating of the hazard which put the riders. This rating is intended to aim, towards the standards established by the national jurisprudence, the individuals susceptible to be the object of a elaborate scrutiny. 2 ) International dimensionA : Member provinces can non move merely in the dialogue of understandings of international air services. These services must be treated now by the community: regulations ( IT ) N 847/2004 of the European Parliament and the Council of April 29th 2004. The understandings opened Sky: The opinions of November fifth 2002 of the European Court of Justice, said opened Sky , are the point of going of a common foreign policy of the air power. Opinions opened Sky acquire three spheres: the reserve systems computerized, the intercommunity monetary value lists and the clip slots. Each of them being wholly governed by a community statute law. This understanding plans a entire gap of the transatlantic connexions to the European and American companies. With the new text, the air hose companies of the Union will can: do flights towards the United States since any European airdrome, and whatever their nationality ( the United States so recognize the European nature of these ) A ; operate without restriction on the figure of flights ( larcenies ) , devices and roads ; put the monetary values harmonizing to the market ; mark understandings of cooperation. The aims of this politic are: the realisation on the skyline 2010 of a common air infinite, which will include the IT and all the spouses situated on its South and east bordersA ; re-form the international civil air power. It exist other understandings between the states of the Union and the USA: they authorize the United States to revoke, to suspend or to restrict the right of air hose companies trafic appointed by the signer States. Montreal Agreement on the duty of air hose companies Montreal Agreement was ratified by the Union what allows to hold a unvarying legal model to regulate the duty of air hose companies in instance of harm caused to the riders, to the baggage and to the goods during international journeys.

Hunger Scandanavian Essay

Hunger Scandanavian Essay Hunger Scandanavian Essay Koosha Samani 1126241 Scand 150 Jan Sjavik 6/5/13 I have qualified for W-Credit. Hunger For my final paper, I chose to write about one of my favorite assigned books in the course; Hunger by Knut Hamsun. This novel was fascinating to me because of the way Hamsun charts the ups, downs, frustrations, and struggles of an unstable, yet intelligent mind. The narrator of the story (nameless) is an intellectual man living in Norway; he is poor and constantly starving. In order to make the miniscule amount of money that he does, he sells articles to pedestrians. Although he has rare moments of optimism, most of the time he is without hope. The story or purpose of the novel is the experience the narrator endures through his high and low moments, and his struggle to keep moving forward in life. I believe that the author’s purpose is to portray the beauty and hope in a struggle. Throughout the novel, the same scenario keeps repeating itself over and over again. The narrator is starving, the conditions of his life worsen, however; he always ends up getting enough money and food to remain alive. It is an on-going cycle where things seem to be okay for a brief moment, and then his condition goes back to worsening and so on and so forth. The depressive mind is an internal struggle, where hope forms, adopts an idea, latches on to that idea, builds encouragement, and then get brought back down to an unforgiving reality. As a reader, it’s like come on things need to start getting better already, and it becomes tiresome to see the narrator fall back down, however, we still keep that hope inside of use that he will rise. As moments of optimism appear, viewing the situation seems a little bit brighter. Then something else is triggered, more obstacles arise, and then the struggle continues again. One of the major themes in the novel is the narrator’s attitude towards his everyday life. The narrator has a lot of time on his hands each day, and the only necessity to keep him self alive is to give each of his days a sense of purpose. Besides his writing, the narrator’s main goal is to persevere and get by. Due to the fact that he barely has any money, the narrator goes through each day trying to write, moving from bench to bench, and scheming for ways to obtain food to help to his hunger. Because he has so much free time, the narrator has a lot of time to think, which in turn makes the novel predominantly about what goes on inside of his head; his mental state. Throughout the story, the narrator’s experiences come down to the little things he comes across. At a point in the novel, the narrator uses the noises and lights from cars in traffic to uplift his spirits, only to be devastated by seeing a limping man. To rid himself of the old man, the narrator app roaches him and discovers that he is a beggar. Without any money to offer, he quickly runs to the store, sells his waistcoat, and then offers the beggar some of the money from the sale. This example is just one of many instances where the narrator gives away money even though he is starving. This ties back in to the narrator’s mental state in which he receives bits of hope, and then his optimism instantly gets crushed by an event that hurts his heart. An expression such as this shown by the narrator portrays his intellectual mind and kind heart combined with his chemically imbalanced brain that disallows him to strive in the world that he is living in. To my estimation, the narrator operates under a deep sense of pride and kindness mixed in with twisted logic and a sense of uncertainty about his living situation. Many examples show that the narrator quickly gets irritated, and puts the situation into his own hands and gives when he really has nothing to give (example: old man). In his mind, his actions are rationalized that it is his responsibility to fix a situation because he owes it to everybody else. His proud attitude puts him in situations where he becomes

Extra points Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Extra points - Essay Example Generally typical unlawful immigrant household has only a 10th grade education. Consequently non-immigrants have low paying jobs hence pay less tax. On the other hand most house hold heads of lawful immigrants are well educated. Lawful immigrants headed by well-educated household tend to pay higher taxes that exceed the direct benefits they receive from the government. According to this report, lawful immigrants with college education heads generates a fiscal surplus of approximately$29250 which the government uses to finance the benefits of unlawful immigrants with less education who consequently contribute less taxes leaving the government with huge fiscal deficit. The benefits they receive exceed the taxes they pay to the government. Unlawful migrants unlike lawful migrants do not have access to social security, Medicare and other tested welfare services. However their children benefit from highly subsidized public education, medical benefits and welfare services offered by the go vernment. Unlawful immigrant household heads also benefit from the use of sewers, roads, parks, police, fire and state security. These available resources get overburdened due to congestion effects hence leading to decline of quality of services to be offered to lawful migrants and non-immigrants. It’s assumed by analysts that nearly half of the unlawful immigrants do not pay income or FICA taxes because most of them work â€Å"off the books†. In 2010, the Pew Hispanic Centre estimated children residing in US with unlawful parents to be 5.5 million. Out of this, 4.5 million were born in the US while the remaining 1 million migrated with their parents to the US. They therefore qualify to be legal citizens and are entitled to state welfare and subsidized education. In average, unlawful immigrants have about 3.7 percent of persons in their households as compared to non-immigrant who have 2.7 persons in their households. This indicates that households of unlawful immigrant s are larger than the household of non-immigrants. How has the relative education of unlawful immigrant households changed over time, and how does it compare to the education level of lawful immigrant and non-immigrant households? Data from the NELS indicate that the children of unlawful immigrant’s households will improve more than the educational levels of their parents. However 18 percent of these children are likely to drop out of school without even a high school degree while about 13 percent are likely to graduate with a college degree. The rest will either attain high qualification or some college training school. College graduates with degrees need to be improved to 30 percent to match with the levels of lawful immigrants and non-immigrants. In assessing the distribution of government benefits and costs, the study uses 6 categories of benefits/expenditures. Briefly describe what is in each category Government benefits and services are distributed into six categories a s follows: Direct benefits - : This involves the cost of services offered to the citizens or the direct cash transfer. They include the costs of Medicare services, unemployment insurance, workers compensation and social security. It’s calculated on the per capita of the Medicare cost that the government spends on its citizens. Means-tested benefit - : These are welfare costs that are channeled

A Catastrophe Housing Crisis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

A Catastrophe Housing Crisis - Essay Example The astonishing part about this is that amidst this crippling crisis, no one truly has an astute understanding of how a simple subprime mortgage flap has caused so much life-changing damage. This holds particularly true for the embattled homeowner, who was bombarded with highly technical instruments without being duly informed of its potentially damaging ramifications. My uncle was one of those gravely affected by the mortgage crisis. He was always an upstanding, responsible guy, and a few years ago he proudly announced that he had taken out a mortgage for a nice new property, the culmination of all his hard work and efforts. Some in our family were particularly wary as to how he got the home loan, as he gone through a rough financial patch some years back. He proudly stated that the bank was very "kind" to him, and had worked out a "special" deal for him so he could buy his house. I distinctly remember having a conversation with him where he was really hyped about this newfangled instrument called a subprime loan. He boasted about how the bank gave him a really low interest rate for the first year, and that succeeding years would depend on how the prime rate would hold up. I asked him how sure it would hold up, and that it wouldn't skyrocket. He said he was assured by the banker he was talking to that it was the perfect time to take out a loan be cause the market was very stable and wasn't going anywhere in the next couple of years.When the prime rate went through the roof, the increase in my uncle's monthly amortization became exponential. He simply could not keep up with the payments , he was only earning so much to support himself and my three cousins. As the bills piled up, he had no choice but to let go of his dream home. The bank is starting foreclosure proceedings on his home, and I often catch him staring blankly into space. When prodded with what went wrong, all he could tell me was "They never told me it would turn out this way".Quite frankly, they never expected that it would turn out this way either. An article in the New York Times (2008) argues that "your confusion is shared by many people who are right in the middle of the crisis. (p.14.) Even top analysts and brokers are lost amidst the extreme complexity of the instruments used. Now, if even the experts do not grasp the crisis fully, what more for the ordina ry homeownerWe have to understand that we are dealing with an issue that ran so deep that once the bubble burst, everyone from the bottom up was hit hard. Its ramifications were far-reaching, extending far beyond domestic shores. According to Dattels and Antonshin, (2008), "Over the next few years losses are expected to reach the $900 billion mark, and banks and financial institutions everywhere are scrambling just to keep their head above their water". (p.9)So who could blame my uncle for not knowing what hit him, when the experts themselves were completely lost as well. Could he be completely blamed for his seeming ignorance, when everyone else was in the same boat.

BP Portfolio Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

BP Portfolio - Essay Example In the next section, the study will shed light on issues regarding types of people that are important for the organization, problems being faced by employees in British Petroleum (BP) while negotiating with other people, evaluating impact of mentioned conflict on organizational success and recommendations for addressing people driven conflict situation in BP. According to Huczynski and Buchanan (2010) and Fuller and Marler (2009), organizational effectiveness depends heavily on its ability to manage performance, work attitude and personal attributes of employees. Fuller and Marler (2009) argued that neither do people in the organization perform equally well nor are they considered as equally important, due to difference in skill and competency level. Mullins and Christy (2013) also supported the fact that personality and work attitude of individuals need to match with performance expectation and vision statement of the organization in order to classify those individuals as important. ... According to Schuster’s (2012) report [Helmut Schuster is Group HR Director in BP], human resource department of BP follows five step model to select human capital who can give important and valuable contribution to business success of the company. These five steps can be defined as, 1- attracting best global talent through stringent qualification criteria, 2- providing training and developing skill competency among recruits, 3- deploying diverse succession planning to ensure steady supply of talent pool, 4- managing the motivation of individuals through transparent performance based reward system and 5- engaging employees in knowledge sharing and inclusive organizational culture in order to enhance their contribution level. BP wants certain skill set from the hired such as, strong academic background, ability to grasp technical and cross-functional knowledge effectively, ability to make decisions in contingent and critical situation, coordinating and communicating with other members while working in team and ability to deliver performance in a consistent manner (Schuster, 2012). As per the talent requirements of BP, three types of people may be most effective for the organisation. Type 1- this set of people can be classified as aspirer or individuals, who join BP for achieving materialistic objectives (British Petroleum, 2012). These set of people are ready to follow business objectives and performance of codes of British Petroleum, in non-hesitant manner, for achieving high career growth. As motivation of these employees is driven by financial outcome and career growth, hence it becomes difficult for British Petroleum to retain engagement level of these people in sustainable manner. Type 2- this set of

T&M- wk 9 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

T&M- wk 9 - Essay Example r to make the results more valid and reliable, the examiners should be trained in a way that he or she overcomes his or her biasness towards races other than his or her own (Sattler, 1970). Similarly, the test administration and scoring procedures should be followed strictly so that there is no room for any subjectivity in the results (Sattler, 1970). An examinee factor that may influence the test results is the difference in the linguistics background of the examinee (Domino & Domino, 2006). The standards lay emphasis on the fact that a few tests are unsuitable for certain individuals whose familiarity with the language is doubtful (Lam, 1993). For example, the reliability and validity of tests for those examinees who do not speak English is suspect (Domino & Domino, 2006). Translating tests is not an easy task and it cannot be taken for granted that the validity and reliability of the translation are similar to the English version of the test (Lam, 1993). Thus, to overcome this hurdle, the test should be provided in the language, the examinee is most comfortable in and evidence for test comparability in different languages is obtainable (Lam, 1993). Tina the external influence that you mentioned from the examiner or the environment that could influence the test results is rapport. You are right; this is one of the most significant aspects of test administration as determines the quality of the relationship between the examiner and the examinee (Naglieri & Goldstein, 2009). The examiner should develop rapport with the individual taking the test before actually starting with the testing process (Naglieri & Goldstein, 2009). Trying to establish an encouraging and comfortable environment is vital if the examinee test effort is to take place (Naglieri & Goldstein, 2009). On the other hand, Tina, you should keep in mind that the examiner should have a good rapport and nothing more because involvement beyond good rapport will risk the introduction of errors which

Specifics of the Banking System of Spain Article

Specifics of the Banking System of Spain - Article Example At the beginning of 1990th as a result of a series of merges and absorption two leading savings banks accumulating over 90 % of personal savings of the Spanish citizens have been created. Bank system of Spain is one of the most stable and liquid financial systems in Europe. Its distinctive features are a significant level of foreign currency (13,9 billion euro), the branched out the network of branches of private banks and the state savings banks. The dominating role is played by the banks with 100 % of the Spanish capital. The leader at cost of market actives is the financial group "Banco Santander Central Hispano" formed at the beginning of 1999 as a result of a merger of two largest banks of the country. Now the strongest bank group is Banco de Bilbao Vizcaya (BBV). However recently it had strong contender Central Hispano, the group formed as a result of merges of two banks - Banco Central and Banco Hispano Americano. Despite a plenty of local savings banks (cajas de ahorros), they make operations very slowly. In general, the bank system of Spain is strongly bureaucratized and not especially cares for the convenience of clients (Altman).   Some banks and other financial institutions of Spain: Banco de Espana - the Central bank of Spain; Banco Sabadell - the bank specializing on granting of services to private clients, and also small and average business. Has more than 400 branches in Spain and abroad; Bilbao Bizkaia Kutxa (BBK) - the largest savings bank in Basque Provinces and the fourth on size in Spain; Banco Santander - the bank which is carrying out the financial operations in Spain and in 31 countries abroad, including the USA; Kutxa - savings bank; Caixa d'Estalvis i Pensions de Barcelona - the financial group including savings bank and some of the other financial institutions; Caja San Fernando - the savings bank having operations in Western Andalusia; Caixa Catalunya – the Catalan savings bank; BBVA – the financial group; Open Bank - the open bank; Ibercaja - the Spanish savings bank.

Aviation Security 2 Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Aviation Security 2 - Case Study Example It can either be private, run by the government or both (Zellan, 2003). This is because there are many airports with the three forms of ownership and operates smoothly. It is important for the airline to choose the best form of ownership (Zellan, 2003). Each form has some advantage sand disadvantages that should be well analyzed before a final decision is made. The three methods are good and have worked in many parts of the world but choosing the best option is the challenge. a. The government ensures that its people are well protected. It will do anything to guarantee secure flights for the passengers. This is why it came up with the Transport Security Administration after the September 11 accident (National Research Council (EÃŒ .-U.). & National Research Council (EÃŒ .-U.), 2003). b. There will be minimal financial constraints because the government will be responsible for providing funds that will ensure that all security details are in place (National Research Council (EÃŒ .-U.). & National Research Council (EÃŒ .-U.), 2003). c. All activities will be under the Federal Aviation Administration that is known for quality control this assures passengers that they will have the best that the government can offer (National Research Council (EÃŒ .-U.). & National Research Council (EÃŒ .-U.), 2003). a. The first disadvantage is in the delays in implementation of projects. The government has a history of, not implementing all the ideas right in time. There is historical evidence of the slowly run projects that have lead to inconveniences in the airline industry (National Research Council (EÃŒ .-U.). & National Research Council (EÃŒ .-U.), 2003). b. When funds are not available, there are no alternatives methods of looking for money. It has to be released by the treasury regardless of the delays (National Research Council (EÃŒ .-U.). & National Research Council (EÃŒ .-U.), 2003). a. All projects and operations will be successful because of completion from

T&M- wk 9 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

T&M- wk 9 - Essay Example r to make the results more valid and reliable, the examiners should be trained in a way that he or she overcomes his or her biasness towards races other than his or her own (Sattler, 1970). Similarly, the test administration and scoring procedures should be followed strictly so that there is no room for any subjectivity in the results (Sattler, 1970). An examinee factor that may influence the test results is the difference in the linguistics background of the examinee (Domino & Domino, 2006). The standards lay emphasis on the fact that a few tests are unsuitable for certain individuals whose familiarity with the language is doubtful (Lam, 1993). For example, the reliability and validity of tests for those examinees who do not speak English is suspect (Domino & Domino, 2006). Translating tests is not an easy task and it cannot be taken for granted that the validity and reliability of the translation are similar to the English version of the test (Lam, 1993). Thus, to overcome this hurdle, the test should be provided in the language, the examinee is most comfortable in and evidence for test comparability in different languages is obtainable (Lam, 1993). Tina the external influence that you mentioned from the examiner or the environment that could influence the test results is rapport. You are right; this is one of the most significant aspects of test administration as determines the quality of the relationship between the examiner and the examinee (Naglieri & Goldstein, 2009). The examiner should develop rapport with the individual taking the test before actually starting with the testing process (Naglieri & Goldstein, 2009). Trying to establish an encouraging and comfortable environment is vital if the examinee test effort is to take place (Naglieri & Goldstein, 2009). On the other hand, Tina, you should keep in mind that the examiner should have a good rapport and nothing more because involvement beyond good rapport will risk the introduction of errors which

Aviation Security 2 Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Aviation Security 2 - Case Study Example It can either be private, run by the government or both (Zellan, 2003). This is because there are many airports with the three forms of ownership and operates smoothly. It is important for the airline to choose the best form of ownership (Zellan, 2003). Each form has some advantage sand disadvantages that should be well analyzed before a final decision is made. The three methods are good and have worked in many parts of the world but choosing the best option is the challenge. a. The government ensures that its people are well protected. It will do anything to guarantee secure flights for the passengers. This is why it came up with the Transport Security Administration after the September 11 accident (National Research Council (EÃŒ .-U.). & National Research Council (EÃŒ .-U.), 2003). b. There will be minimal financial constraints because the government will be responsible for providing funds that will ensure that all security details are in place (National Research Council (EÃŒ .-U.). & National Research Council (EÃŒ .-U.), 2003). c. All activities will be under the Federal Aviation Administration that is known for quality control this assures passengers that they will have the best that the government can offer (National Research Council (EÃŒ .-U.). & National Research Council (EÃŒ .-U.), 2003). a. The first disadvantage is in the delays in implementation of projects. The government has a history of, not implementing all the ideas right in time. There is historical evidence of the slowly run projects that have lead to inconveniences in the airline industry (National Research Council (EÃŒ .-U.). & National Research Council (EÃŒ .-U.), 2003). b. When funds are not available, there are no alternatives methods of looking for money. It has to be released by the treasury regardless of the delays (National Research Council (EÃŒ .-U.). & National Research Council (EÃŒ .-U.), 2003). a. All projects and operations will be successful because of completion from

Issues of grandparents raising grandchildren Essay Example for Free

Issues of grandparents raising grandchildren Essay Abstract This paper explores research regarding the impacts on grandparents and grandchildren when the grandparent assumes the parental role because of some type of parental fall through. The articles find that the financial aspect of raising grandchildren in your later years is quite costly as well is the negative health problems the stress of the situation can cause. This paper mainly looks at Baldocks (2007) research on the affects of every aspect of the new situation on the grandparents and grandchildren. Baldock (2007) and the other research used for this paper all suggest that there are multiple struggles that the grandparents will endure when raising their grandchildren. Issues of Grandparents Raising Grandchildren The clichà © life of a grandparent is usually thought of as taking the grandchildren to the zoo, baking cookies, and making crafts. Grandparents are also around to share their wisdom and experiences with the younger generation, however in todays society the amount of grandparents having to take in their grandchildren due to an issue in the biological parents lives has been on the increase for years (Baldock, 2007, p. 70). This change of role for the grandparents can have various affects on not only the grandparents but the grandchildren as well. There are many reasons as to why grandparents come into the situation where they need to take their grandchildren into their care such as teenage pregnancy, parental abuse, and parental drug and alcohol abuse. No matter how the grandparents come into obtaining their grandchildren each family have their own types of struggles they will have to deal with. Both the grandparents and grandchildren can go through multiple financial, health, and behavioral issues that can either bring the family out on top or hurt them, but many are choosing to overcome the difficulties and persevere through them. Literature Review There are many troubles in todays society with drugs, alcohol, and violence, all which are just a few of the reasons that many parents become unable to properly care for their children. These and many other circumstances are which have led to â€Å"approximately 2.4 million grandparents [being] responsible for raising their grandchildren, many in households without the parents present.† (Poehlmann et al., 2008, 165) The decision to undertake the responsibility of raising your grandchildren is a big one to make, however many times there is no decision to make because the children would end up in the foster care system if it werent for the grandparents. In a study completed in Australia about grandparent run homes, â€Å"of the 31,000 children living with their grandparents, 28,700 childrens biological parents lived elsewhere.† (Baldock, 2007, p. 71) This can make the strain of raising your grandchild even more difficult because of the emotional and financial burdens it may cause. Health Quality of Custodial Grandparents There have been various studies in which they have found that grandparents who take care of their grandchildren have mental and physical aspects of themselves that are in a disarray (Neely-Barnes, Graft, Washington, 2010, p. 87). The role of being a custodial grandparent is difficult not only because it is a new situation which they need to adjust to, but it can also cause physical and mental problems. The situation cause a lot of new emotions and stressors that â€Å"numerous studies have documented elevated rates of depression, parenting stress, health problem, and economic hardship among custodial grandparents.† (Poehlmann et al., 2008, p. 168) Many grandparents are well in their sixtys and so â€Å"when the children arrive, grandparents are unlikely to be prepared for the dramatic and often sudden changes caused by unplanned parenthood.† (Baldock, 2007, p. 73) The grandparents generally see an increase in health related problems because they are put into a situation where they need to focus on the care of their grandchildren which leads to the grandparents health and well-being coming second and in which â€Å"custodial grandparents report worse self-assessed health than noncaregiving grandparents, particularly in the areas of physical functioning, bodily pain, role functioning, social functioning, and general health perception.† (Neely-Barnes et al., 2010, p. 88) Not only are the grandparents not being able to properly maintain their own health, but â€Å"among custodial grandparents, higher levels of depression have been found among unmarried grandparents who were not working.† (p. 88) This new parenting role that the grandparents are put into also effects their social life; â€Å"in one study, half of custodial grandparents reported that they felt isolated from friends in their age group due to their caregiving responsibilities.† (p. 88) Grandparents usually feel worn out by the amount of extra responsibilities they have come to take on which can make them feel worried when they think about having many more years of having to take care of their grandchildren. This type of constant worrying and stress can become quite a negative thing both for the grandparent and grandchild because â€Å"grandparents who are stressed are more likely to become depressed.† (Baldock, 2007, p. 73) Financials When grandparents are put into the situation of bringing their grandchildren into their care, one of the most difficult issues they have to deal with is the financial aspect of raising the children. The financial aspect of raising the grandchildren can be so hard to handle because many of the grandparents are older and even retired which means limited income. â€Å"In around one third of grandparent families (34%), one of both grandparents were employed, while 62% received a government pension, allowance or other benefit as their primary income.† (Baldock, 2007, p. 71) Children are expensive to raise because of the extra clothing, food, and home resources that are used. The grandparents are used to and comfortable with their current lifestyle and then when the unexpected young grandchildren are brought into the picture this can make the once sufficient income turn into financial instability. Grandparents going through legal proceedings can also be another reason finances are put into a bind when the need to take in your grandchildren is needed because â€Å"grandparents are commonly ineligible for legal aid and consequently face disadvantage in proceedings† (Baldock, 2007, p. 72). One way that is used to try to gain some type of extra income for the grandchildren is by â€Å"formalising their parenting role through legal proceedings [which] can be the only way grandparents are able to access financial support.† (p. 72) The cost of providing for their grandchildren and all of the court related procedures needed to be done becomes such a burden that â€Å"some grandparents have mortgaged their homes to undertake legal proceedings.† (p. 72) Impacts on the Family The result of custodial grandparents not only effects just the grandparents and grandchildren, but the whole family. The strain of raising grandchildren can be felt in the children of the grandparents â€Å"some felt resentful that their parents energy was going into raising their grandchildren and their own children missed out on a relationship with their grandparents.† (Baldock, 2007, p. 72) In many families the reason that the grandparents need to raise their grandchildren is due to some type of addiction from the birth parents. This drug use can cause emotional and social problems in the grandparents and grandchildren which can make the â€Å"grandparentsfeel blamed or express a sense of responsibility for their own childrens drug use.†(p. 73) Grandparents often feel as though there was something they could have done to prevent their childrens drug abuse which in turn would have prevented the need for them to raise their grandchildren. This feeling of â€Å"blame and shame exacerbate social isolation and increase psychological anxiety experienced by grandparents and their grandchildren.† (p. 73) The effects on the grandchildren of not having their parent or parents around is difficult to for them to cope with because â€Å"children separated from their parents because of alcohol and other drugs frequently face psychological, emotional and sometimes physical problems.† (Baldock, 2007, p. 71) According to Day and Bazemore (2011: children living without their biological parents typically present with high rates of psychological problems. Yet, by comparison, adolescents living with grandparent caregivers have the lowest levels of both internalizing problems (i.e. depressive symptoms, negative outlook, low self-esteem), and externalizing problems (i.e. nonviolent delinquency, general violent tendencies, and substance abuse.† (p. 103) Position I have first hand experience in the struggles and issues that can arise from a grandparent having to put their lives on hold and take in their grandchildren in order to provide them a loving and stable home. My parents are currently in the process of adopting my two nephews whom they, as well as myself, have taken care of since they were born. My sister is in a rehabilitation program in Northern New Jersey for addiction to pills, cocaine, and heroin and has been in and out of trouble since her early teens. Growing up the way I did because of the situations and conditions that my sister made my family endure has shown me just how difficult and numerous the issues are when raising your grandchildren. My mother is sixty years old and my father is sixty-two, both having some health problems. Health problems associated with age can have a significant affect on how the grandparents are going to be able to act in their new role as caregivers because many grandparents are older and their health is declining. Taking care of a six and a nine year old can be mentally and physically exhausting. My nephews have many psychological issues because their mother is gone and father is hardly around, these emotional troubles of my nephews also effect me and parents too. My nephews have ADHD and are quite sensitive which makes it even more difficult to calm them down if they are feeling upset or angry because they are missing their mother. I find the emotional impact it has on the children and family to be the greatest because of my experience in knowing how difficult is to cope with the entire situation. The financial responsibility for taking grandchildren in can be quite detrimental to the grandparents because many are retired or only working part-time in order to make a little extra money. My father is retired which has made the raising of two new children quite difficult before they received any assistance from the state. While most families receive financial assistance through state and federal aid, there may be certain circumstances in which a family has to come up with the money themselves. Grandparents know how expensive children are because of their past experience in raising their own children, however times have changed and the cost of raising children has significantly increased. This financial burden put onto the grandparents is not a choice they make, but rather something they just have to endure because there is no other option for the grandchildren. Afterthoughts It is obvious that grandparents who have to bring their grandchildren into their home and raise them because of varying circumstances will inevitably face numerous amount of hardships and issues. The grandparents being older makes the task of raising their grandchildren difficult, along with the cost involved in raising them and the legal proceedings that are done in order to protect the children. While the hardships of custodial grandparents is plenty, many â€Å"who have attended support groups say that it has made a positive difference in their lives† (Baldock, 2007, p.73), which can help them to cope with the new situations they are being placed in. Even though raising grandchildren comes with multiple and varying issues that make it difficult to do, â€Å"grandparents who are raising their grandchildren consistently report that the experience adds joy and meaning to their lives and provides them with companionship and a purposeful social and familial role.† (Kropf ; Burnette, 2003, p. 363)