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The Atlantic Charter Churchill And Roosevelt Legendary Meeting History Essay

The Atlantic Charter Churchill And Roosevelt Legendary Meeting History Essay August 8, 1941, the group of Britains most current ship HMS Prince of Wales was dividing her way at top-speed through the persistent overwhelming oceans of the Atlantic to Placentia Bay, Newfoundland. Locally available this boat is British Prime Minister Sir Winston Churchill, who had made the journey over the Atlantic where President Roosevelt excitedly anticipated the beginning of conversations game changing to the result of the Second World War. On August 9, 1941, President Roosevelt and Prime Minister Churchill met locally available the American cruiser U.S.S. Augusta tied down off the shoreline of Newfoundland. The conversation between the two chiefs at the gathering would bring about a joint statement called the Atlantic Charter. It instantly made a basic collusion which bolstered Britain in its battle against the Nazi Regime. Accordingly the understanding set up post-war objectives for World War II and laid the foundation for future universal peacekeeping associations. Two years before the start of World War II in the spring of 1938, German speakers living in the Sudetenland area of Czechoslovakia started preferring for nearer attaches with Germany. Hitler started to help those solicitations and supported recovering the Sudetenland. He had as of late attached Austria into Germany and the triumph of Czechoslovakia was the subsequent stage in his arrangement of making a more noteworthy Germany (Sep 30, 1938). Leader Neville Chamberlain was resolved to deflecting war, in spite of the fact that the Czechoslovak government trusted that Britain and France would offer help with the occasion of a German attack (Sep 30, 1938). Chamberlain made a trip twice to Germany to offer Hitler positive understandings, however the German chancellor continued expanding his requests (Sep 30, 1938). Worldwide pressure expanded when Hitler started requesting the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia be heavily influenced by the German government. While trying to determine the emer gency, Chamberlain met with the pioneers of Germany, France, and Italy in Munich to talk about the terms of dealing with the Sudetenland. Inside the early morning long stretches of September 30, 1938 Adolf Hitler of Germany, Benito Mussolini of Italy, Èduoard Daladier of France, and Neville Chamberlain of Britain marked the Munich Pact, which fixed the destiny of Czechoslovakia, for all intents and purposes giving it over to Germany for the sake of harmony (Sep 30, 1938). The Munich Pact relinquished the independence of Czechoslovakia on the platform of a short harmony term (Sep 30, 1938). The tranquility of the world just kept going eleven months before Hitler held onto the remainder of Czechoslovakia in March of 1939 (Friedrich). In light of Hitlers infringement of the Munich Agreement, Britain marked with Poland the Polish-British Common Defense Pact, which ensured the honesty of the Polish state. Chamberlains choice to sign Poland after the dissection of the Czechoslovak state implied Britain, alongside France were focused on securing a country where they had no normal fringes (Invasion of Poland). Responding to the Anglo-Polish union, Hitler arranged the German-Soviet Pact of August 1939, which made Poland parceled between the two forces, empowered Germany to attack Poland without Soviet intercession (Invasion of Poland). On September 1, 1939, Germany attacked Poland and later on September 17, 1939, the Soviet Union attacked the eastern piece of the nation. England and France, remaining by their assurance pronounced war against Germany September 3, 1939 (Invasion of Poland). This was the start of World War II. The Phony War was the name given to the timeframe between September 1939 and 1940 when Britain and France had not battled in battle. For a while, German soldiers sat and paused while French powers held their protections (The Finest Hour). The Phony War would reach a conclusion on April 9, 1940 when Hitler started an effective assault on Denmark and Norway. At that point on May 10, German soldiers propelled a lightning war assault on the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg. The German armed force was rapidly progressing across Europe and would before long go too far of strongholds that secured France. On June 10, 1940, Hitlers armed forces cleared all through the locale of France with Frances rout just a short time, the nation fell under Nazi control on June 22 (The Finest Hour). After the fall of France, Prime Minister Churchill confronted the chance of intrusion originating from France, over the English Channel. Churchill amassed the British naval force to remain among Hitler and England. While trying to annihilate the Royal naval force, Hitler went to the Luftwaffe, Germanys flying corps, to decimate Brittans air resistances. The serious assault called the Battle of Britain would proceed for a quarter of a year where for a long time upwards of a thousand German planes dropped bombs inside the city of London and Britain (The Finest hour). Before the finish of 1941, Britain had encountered a deficiency of war materials that they couldn't pay for and was exhausted by the steady air assaults from the Germans. Churchill, in favor for a partnership with the U.S., attempted to speak with Roosevelt to encourage the sending of military supplies over to Britain (The Finest hour). Limited by the Neutrality Act of 1939, the U.S. was not allowed to discharge arms to any warring nation except if on money and convey terms (Decker and Chiei 2). Without threatening the neutralist who needed to keep the U.S out of global undertakings, Roosevelt built the Lend-Lease Act, a bill that enabled the president to sell, move title to, loan, rent, or discard [articles of barrier to] the administration of any nation the President esteems indispensable to the protection of the United States. The Lend-Lease Act furnished the British with planes, tanks, firearms, mounted guns, and ammo without them paying for it. Bypassing the enactment would demo nstrate basic to supporting U.S. partners and would be vital for proceeded with groundwork for what had all the earmarks of being the inescapable inclusion of the U.S. in WWII (Decker and Chiei 2). All through 1940 and 1941, Churchill endeavored to win the certainty of Americans by showing his trust in them. Roosevelts presidential counselors Averell Harriman and Harry Hopkins were welcomed by Churchill to meet Britains most elevated military pioneers (The Finest Hour). Expansive running talks would merge arrangement during the gatherings (Robbins). Plotting his perspectives on system to win the American coalition in the war, Churchill consoled his visitors that the Japanese would not enter the war until they were certain that we were beaten. They would not like to battle the United States and the British Empire together (qtd. in The Finest Hour). The thundering development of Hitlers Nazi armed force had augmented the war quickly and Hitlers assault on Russia had made the requirement for a Roosevelt-Churchill highest point meeting (Robbins). Roosevelt got ready for a gathering between the two chiefs that was secretly held off the bank of Newfoundland. The President objective f or the gathering was to solidify relations with Britain and to examine terms on the Lend-Lease Act. Churchills objective was to draw the U.S. into WWII and secure more assistance for the British (Behind Closed Doors). Boarding the British ship HMS Prince of Wales on August 4, 1941, Churchill continued on his journey to meet with the President. Cruising through dangerous waters of the Atlantic Ocean loaded up with adversary submarines and plunderers disregarded the perils and kept on worked away at legitimate papers and expanding Roosevelts support for the war (Robbins). Churchills takeoff was kept at most extreme mystery to outsmart Hitlers Kriegsmarine. While Churchills whereabouts were kept covered up, be that as it may, on the grounds that the Americans were still settled, presidential areas were completely found. The White House told the country that Roosevelt was appreciating an angling occasion installed the Presidential yacht Potomac. When Roosevelt left the observation of the country, he joined the U.S.S Augusta and proceeded with his journey to Placentia Bay under the shield of planes and destroyers (Robbins). The fate of the world would rely upon the adequacy of the strategies concurred by Winston and Churchill. After the assault on Russia by the Germans on June 22, 1941, Churchill promptly lined up with the Russians and organized the marking of an agreement to give conceivable guide. On August 9, 1941, Churchill met Roosevelt locally available the U.S.S. Augusta, moored off the shoreline of Newfoundland in Placentia Bay. This would check the start of significant level coordinated efforts that would proceed until the finish of the war (The Finest Hour). During the gathering at Newfoundland, there was a conversation on a methodology to obstruct the foreseen military moves of Hitler and Mussolini. Those present at the gathering felt that joined American and British staff had enough to outmaneuver the pivot despots, however a round table collusion was hardly the sort of structure Hitler was probably going to utilize with Rome and Tokyo (Robbins). Future moves for the war were facilitated at the gathering to guarantee that Hitlers imperialism was wrecked. The issue of the Far East and Japan must be dealt with, likewise including the issue of Vichy France and the best methods for keeping the French ships out of German hands (Robbins). The height of the gathering was show in the manner the two heads met up for Sunday administration on the ship Prince of Wales. An emblematic second at war occurred when military pioneers and mariners of the two countries blends together to sing psalms that Churchill had chosen (The best Hour). On the most recent day of the gathering Roosevelt and Churchill gave the Atlantic Charter, which communicated a promise to the standards of self administration and opportunity for each nation, required the obliteration of the Nazi oppression, and anticipated unhindered commerce, participation, and harmony among all countries. The post-war objectives the pioneers talked about became brings up laid in the contract that were for the improvement of

No topc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

No topc - Essay Example Some of the time ladies are the stifled sexual orientation in our general public. Struggle emerges identifying with what are the socially acknowledged jobs for ladies. What are the run of the mill sexual orientation issues in our general public today? For what reason do sexual orientation issues center around ladies? Chronicled accounts about women’s cultural jobs can be followed back during the hour of Abraham and Jesus. We can perceive how ladies were treated during those occasions dependent on the Bible. Men’s cultural jobs during this time were outside the home, as directed by the conventional society. They work generally in the estate, function as woodworkers, royal residence watches, while ladies nurture their youngsters and consistently remain at home to do family errands. During the early frontier time frame where vessel exchange began vanquishing the world, ladies stayed tamed. Instruction was just given to men who will be a piece of this exchange. During the nineteenth century, various kinds of government started to develop, yet these administrations didn't know about sex disparity since they just proceed with a similar standard and culture of men commanding ladies. The foundation of these legislatures was made through decisions. In any case, ladies were not given the priv ilege to testimonial/vote until 1920s. Testimonial issues started to alert a few ladies who can’t bear the inconsistent rights given to ladies. They accept that they are likewise part of the accomplishment of the general public and can conclude whom to cast a ballot. On account of certain uprisings of these ladies in the nineteenth century, ladies were abused for battling for their privileges. Men accepted that ladies are not yet prepared to take on duties outside their home. In any case, more ladies battled against these socially developed standards about them. A few ladies were not completely perceived for their commitments in the general public. For the most part men were given credits and benefits. We can call this sort of society as man centric, for accepting men are progressively adequate and balanced as ladies. Economies of European nations before were administered by men

matthews messianic expectations Essays - Prophets Of Islam

The Covenant of Abraham or The Abrahamic Covenant is frequently talked about in strict administrations during supplications and messages. This pledge sets up Abraham and his relatives to receive material rewards all through time everlasting; however substantially more, to incorporate a relationship with God. Starting with Genesis 12:1-3, the favors to Abram are guaranteed; from making him an extraordinary country, to gift his name and his posterity. The comprehension of an agreement relationship is of foremost significance when we talk about Abraham and Moses. In philosophy, a pledge is a serious understanding made with a strict custom. (Senior123). The utilization of the word pledge is as often as possible utilized in the 21st century while examining land in thinking about regions inside an area. There are decides and guidelines that include conditions with a considerable rundown of guarantees that the inhabitant consents to keep in regards to the utilization of the land after buy. On an a lot bigger scope in the call of Abraham, with his appearance to the place where there is Canaan (antiquated Palestine), God appeared to Abram and stated, ?I will allot this land to your heirs.?And he assembled a special stepped area there to the Lord who had appeared to him (Voorst 46). Once more, God has made guarantees all through the Bible; anyway God realized them by Abraham?s dedication and commitment to His guarantees and orders (Boadt 115). Talking from a consuming shrubbery, God motivates Moses in assisting with driving his kin to the Promised Land. God distinguished himself to Moses saying, ?The God of your dad, the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob.? (Voorst 46, 47) In the lives of Abraham and Moses, God gave them guarantees in a theophany, which implies an ?appearance of God? (Boadt 113). In Galatians, accentuation is on defense by confidence. Thusly, the individuals who have confidence are honored alongside Abraham who has confidence. Moses as the arbiter got the law and gave it to the Israelites. Sacred text explains the utilization of the law. ?Presently there is no arbiter when one gathering is included and God is one ?(Galatians 3:20). Before confidence came, we were held in guardianship under law, kept for the confidence that should have been uncovered. Thusly the law was our drill sergeant for Christ, that we may be supported by confidence. Yet, since confidence has come, we are not, at t his point under a drill sergeant (Senior 1650). Works Cited Boadt, Lawrence Reading the Old Testament New York: Paulist Press, 1984. Senior, Donald ; Collins, John J; Getty, Mary Ann The Catholic Study Bible Van Voorst, Robert E. Collection of World Scriptures: Western Religions.Wadsworth.Belmont, CA.Print.2007

Great Gatsby Topics For Essay

Great Gatsby Topics For EssayWriting a great Gatsby topics for an essay, you may be dismayed by the amount of time that you will need to devote. With so many great topics to choose from, you could become stressed out trying to narrow it down to just one or two. Luckily, there are plenty of good ways to use the great Gatsby themes to do all of the hard work for you.Some of the great Gatsby topics for essay can be found in songs by popular singers and actors. Be sure to listen to what they have to say and look for certain phrases and quotes that you can include into your essay. Not only will this help you with your essay, but you will also be able to use their quotes in a way that you did not originally plan.Quotes are great tools because they will be used throughout the entire essay. Make sure that you read each of these quotes and consider them as the overall theme of your essay. You should be able to find ways that they can be included in the main thesis statement as well as through out the different parts of the essay.Some great Gatsby topics for essay can also be found in short stories that are written about by other writers. Once again, these are great for incorporating the quotes that are mentioned earlier. However, there is no telling when these great topics for essay will become a part of other writers' pieces.If you find that you cannot find some great Gatsby topics for the essay, you should also look for interviews with famous people that were included in the film. If there are too many interviews, you may want to make notes on what it is that you are trying to include. For instance, if the interview is with George Washington Carver, you may want to write about the quote that he used in his writing and then take it and put it into your essay.The last place that you should look for topics for essays is the internet. Many famous people have a website where they can answer questions that you may have regarding their lives and careers. If you were to watch or listen to these interviews, you will likely find that the topics that are discussed are quite similar to the topics that you are writing about.Another great way to use the great Gatsby topics for essay is to think about the film that you are currently watching. What topics are being discussed and how do those topics relate to your essay? If you find that you have an idea for your essay, you may want to keep going until you come up with something good enough to send out to your professor.Gatsby themes for essay can come in many forms. When you see a topic that you like, think about how it relates to the rest of the essay and how it can help you create a cohesive piece. Just be sure that you are not getting too crazy and that you are being logical with your topic choices.

One Of The Greatest Poets - Free Essay Example

William Shakespeare one of the greatest poets was around during the renaissance. He was born on April 23rd 1564 and died April 23rd 1616 at the age of 52. He has wrote 37 plays and about 154 sonnets. Shakespeare was born to John Shakespeare and Mary Arden, he was the third child out of six they would have. His father was a high placed official it was kind of like he was the mayor. Since shakespeares father was in that position, he got to go to school without having to play the tuition. At the age of 18 he was married to Anne Hathaway, they had three children together. Susan was the oldest judith and hamnet were twins. But unfortunately Hamnet died at the age of 11 the cause of his death is unknown. In shakespeares life there are seven years that have not been documented. The play was written from the legend in england. The play is kind of in the medieval times. The text is organized form the different parts of the play. The play consists of 5 parts and 3 scenes in total. Since its a play there is no chapters. While reading some scenes will go on with the previous or they will go to another place with different people leaving no part left out to where a person will get a better understanding. The plot/storyline would have to have something to do with how king lear disowned the daughter he actually really truly cared about, then his other kin try to get rid of him and he wanders around lost trying to find the daughter he disowned. But there is not just one plot to king lear there are multiple. Having one being someone trying to blame a death on a person when they were not in the area at the time. Another is is trying to take over a kingdom for their own needs. The play doesnt tell the reader exactly how much time is passed, but the reader can infer that it goes on to be 2 week or more which the play passes through. The beginning starts out with being in the palace of King Lear, with three characters talking about how king Lear felt about the Dukes. And it goes into asking gloucester that one other they were speaking to/about was his son. Having him say yes he is of my kin. The ending is when King lear passes away from the grief of his daughter dying. Also Kent and Albany talk about grieving for the losses that have just occured. The narrative POV of a play is called the dramatic point-of-view, or fly on the wall. They say this because its as if the narrator would be a fly on the wall only watching what takes play in that scene but could add no comment to whats going on. The whole play is written in a recent perspective. For the play the narrator is more observing. The play does not shift to different narrators,there is only one. The effect the author takes is that he does not leave any stone unturned and while you read you feel the emotions of the characters. The certain words that the author uses to where you can feel the emotions. It is as almost that you start to feel as you yourself are there. There is a lot of emotions that you can relate to and the feelings of having lost someone too. The purpose of this play would be so we could get a more complex understanding of emotions and the legend in history. Round characters : King lear- round, the king has two daughters more or so likes when they daughters practically worship him. Only really loves cordelia but got mad when she said she could not tell him how much she loved him. Dies from grieving for his daughter Cordelia at the end of the book. About in his late 50s. Cordelia- round, youngest of all three of Lears daughters, gets disowned because she wouldnt tell her father how much she loved him, was suppose to marry the price of france, he still weds her even without the money of getting for marrying her, marries her because supposedly he loves her, ends up getting executed at the end of the play. About at least 18 years old. Goneril- Round, the eldest of the daughters, she wants to rule and get the kingdom, has an affair even tho she is already married, is very jealous because her younger sister is loved by the king more, when her younger sister gets disowned and is told to leave she sees it as a way to start with her plan and try to take over the kingdom. One of the villains in the play. About in her late 30s early 40s. Regan- Round, the second eldest of the sisters, also having an affair with the same due her sister is doing, also married wants the guy all to herself though is very very jealous. Shes more concerned tho with over throwing her father to take over england as the ruler. One of the villains in the play. About 36 to 40 years old . Gloucester- Round, is the earl to the king, cheated on his wife to where he had a bastard son which makes him have a crime against adultery, does have a son that is with his wife, seems like a coward doesnt really know which of his sons he should actually trust, starts going down the wrong path, is the reason why king lear gets removed from the castle. At almost the end of play he starts to show that he is brave in some sorts of ways. About 55 years old or older. Edgar- Round, the real son of gloucester,takes on many different characters throughout the play. Despite having him portrayed as someone who believed his other brother that he was the one that did the crime, decides to be someone who ends up at the aid of his father and king lear, acts like hes a knight during a certain point in time, but being all these different characters you could qualify him as a whole lot of things and they dont really the real characteristics of him. About 26 years old. Flat characters Edmund- flat, A kind of villain in the play, hates that he is a bastard child and he hates his father wants to take everything that his dad has, does a lot of tricks towards people in the play that usually end up working, messes with a lot of the characters. About 21 years old. Kent- Flat, hes a noble that is very loyal to the king, even tho the king banishes him he disguises himself as a peasant, hes keeps on helping king lear throughout the play but gets in trouble a lot because hes very straight forward with everything he says and does. About 25 to at least 30 years old. Albany- Flat, very kind person has a great heart tries to expose his wife her sisters husband and her sister because of what they are trying to do, is tired of how his wife treats him so cruel, his allies are actually trying to work against him but he does not realize any of that until its way too late in the play to do anything about it. About 46 years old. Cornwall- Flat, hes a very bad man who is really mean and very very cruel to people, he helps with their plan to take the kingdom and rule over it, they are all trying to get king lear and his earl prosecuted for something they did no do at all. About 40 years old. The Fool- Flat, is the one who always talks to king lear , always trying to bring up the mood making jokes and new songs he can sing throughout the play is loyal to the king. About 16 years old. Oswald-Flat, obeys his mistress despite anything he gets told to do, he is more of like the manager to all of the servants in that household is very close to goneril is her servant. Kind of like a steward in a way. About 57 years old. The settings of this play takes place in England, mainly around Britain. To understand why it would take place here is also the fact that is is based off of a legend that happened to be in england. Usually Shakespeare would put the settings where it came from. But also shakespeare came from england so in a lot of the plays he had written he would base them off of it or the surrounding countries like Scotland.

The History of How Shoes Are Made

In most early civilizations, sandals were the most common footwear, however, a few early cultures had more substantial shoes. But shoes in ancient—and even not so ancient—civilizations had some major design differences than their modern-day counterparts. In fact, as late as the 1850s, most shoes were constructed on absolutely straight lasts (foot-shaped forms on which shoes were constructed and repaired), which meant that the right and the left shoes were pretty much the same. On the upside, that would make them interchangeable. On the downside, they were likely a lot less comfortable. Shoes in the BC In Mesopotamia, circa 1600 to 1200 BC, mountain people living on the border of Iran wore a type of soft shoes made of wraparound leather that was similar to a moccasin. Egyptians began making shoes from woven reeds as early as 1550 BC. Worn as overshoes, they were boat-shaped and had straps constructed of long, thin reeds covered by wider strips of the same material. Shoes in this style were still being made as late as the 19th century. Meanwhile, in China, shoes made from layers of hemp, circa the final century BC, were made in a process similar to quilting and featured decorative as well as functional stitching. Circa 43-450 AD Roman sandals are believed to be the first footwear specifically designed to fit the foot. Constructed with cork soles and leather straps or lacing, sandals were the same for men and women. Some military sandals known as caligae used hobnails to reinforce the soles. The imprints and patterns they left behind could be read as messages. Circa 937 AD Foot binding was a practice introduced in the Tang Dynasty (618-907 AD) that became increasingly popular in China during the Song dynasty (960-1279 AD). Starting at age 5 to 8, the bones in girls feet were broken and then tightly wrapped to prevent growth. The ideal for womens feet was modeled after the lotus blossom and was decreed to be no more than three to four inches in length. Girls with tiny, highly arched feet were prized as prime marriage material—but the crippling practice left many of them barely able to walk. These tiny feet were adorned with dainty shoes constructed of silk or cotton and richly embroidered. Chinese women of the upper classes were often buried with many pairs of such shoes. While several bans were imposed on the practice (the first by Emperor Chun Chi of the Manchu dynasty in 1645 and the second by Emperor K’ang Hsi in 1662), foot-binding remained a common practice in China into the early 20th century. 12th Century Pointy-tipped Poulianes (â€Å"shoes  in the Polish fashion†) became popular in the middle ages and continued to come and go until the early 15th century. Circa 1350 to 1450 Pattens were overshoes worn to protect them from the elements and filthy street conditions. They were similar in function to more modern galoshes, except that pattens were made in the same shape as the shoes they were fitted over. 1450 to 1550 During the Renaissance, shoe fashions evolved from vertical lines favored by Gothic styles to become more horizontal. Nowhere was this more evident than in the toe shape. The richer and more powerful the wearer, the more extreme and broad the squared toe became. However, while squared toed shoes were prevalent, during this time, round-toed shoes began to emerge. Round-toed shoes were considered a more practical choice for children, however, even some adult shoes of the Tudor period featured the round profile. 17th Century During the mid-17th century, shoe fashions for men were mostly square-toed, however, it was at this time that the fork toe design debuted. Chopines, backless shoes or slippers featuring high platform soles, became popular throughout Renaissance Europe thanks to a revival in ancient Greek culture. The most notable examples from the period come from Spain (where the platforms were sometimes constructed from cork) and Italy. Men, as well as women, wore slip-on indoor slides known as mules, which were available in a variety of materials and colors and featured a slightly flared heel. In 1660, with the restoration of Charles II to the throne of France, fashions from the French courts grew in popularity across the Channel. Red heels, a style allegedly created for Charles himself, came into vogue and remained there well into the next century. 18th Century In the 18th century, shoes for upper-class women, such as salon mules, initially took shape as boudoir fashion but evolved into day and even dancewear. The erotically charged footwear was favored by Madame de Pompadour, mistress of Louis XV of France, who was in huge part responsible for the trend. Unfortunately, elegant shoes of the day were constructed of materials such as silk that rendered them inappropriate for outdoor use and as a result, pattens  (also known as clogs) made a big comeback, especially in big cities, such as London, that had yet to deal with the unsanitary conditions of its streets. Fast Facts: Shoe Laces Prior to shoestrings, shoes were commonly fastened with buckles.Modern shoestrings, which employed strings laced through shoe holes and then tied, were invented in England in 1790 (first recorded date, March 27).An aglet (from the Latin word for needle) is a small plastic or fiber tube used to bind the end of a shoelace, or similar cord, to prevent fraying and to allow the lace to be passed through an eyelet or another opening. In the 1780s, a fascination with all things â€Å"Oriental† led to the introduction of shoes with upturned toes known as Kampskatcha slippers. (While billed as an homage to Chinese fashion, they more closely resembled Juttis, the upturned slippers worn by affluent female members of the court of the Mughal Empire.) From the 1780s through the 1790s, the height of heels gradually decreased. With the approach of the French Revolution (1787-99), excess was seen with increasing disdain, and less became more. 19th Century Styles In 1817, the Duke of Wellington commissioned the boots that would become synonymous with his name. Streamlined and free of ornamentation, â€Å"Wellies† became all the rage. The rubberized version, still popular today, was introduced in the 1850s by the North British Rubber Company. In the following decade, the family shoemaking firm of C J Clark Ltd was founded and remains one of Englands leading shoe manufacturers. Prior to 1830, there was no difference between right and left shoes. French shoemakers came up with the idea of placing little labels on the insoles of shoes: â€Å"Gauche† for the left, and â€Å"Droit† for the right. While the shoes were still both straight in shape, since the French style was considered the height of fashion, other countries were quick to emulate the trend. In 1837 by J. Sparkes Hall patented the elastic side boot, which allowed them to be put on and taken off much more easily than those that required buttons or laces. Hall actually presented a pair of them to Queen Victoria, and the style remained popular through the end of the 1850s. By the 1860s, flat, squared-toed shoes featuring side lacing were de rigeur. This left the front of the shoes free for decoration. Rosettes were a popular embellishment of the day for women’s shoes. In the mid- to late-1800s unassembled shoes made with flat sheets of woven straw were produced in Italy and sold across Europe and in America to be put together as shoemakers saw fit. In the mid-1870s, the Manchu people of China (who did not practice foot binding) favored platform shoes that were the precursors to 20th-century fashion styles. Hoof-shaped pedestals afforded increased balance. Women’s shoes were taller and more intricately decorated than those for men. 19th Century Innovations in Shoe Manufacturing 1830s: Plimsolls, canvas-topped shoes with rubber soles, first manufactured by the Liverpool Rubber Company, make their debut as beachwear.June 15, 1844: Inventor and manufacturing engineer Charles Goodyear receives a patent for vulcanized rubber, a chemical process that uses heat to meld rubber to fabric or other components for a sturdier, more permanent bond.1858: Lyman Reed Blake, an American inventor receives a patent for the specialized sewing machine he developed that stitches the soles of shoes to the uppers.January 24, 1871: Charles Goodyear Jrs patents the Goodyear Welt, a machine for sewing boots and shoes.1883: Jan Ernst Matzeliger patents an automatic method for lasting shoes that paves the way for the mass production of affordable shoes.January 24, 1899: Irish-American Humphrey OSullivan patents the first rubber heel for shoes. Later, Elijah McCoy (best known for developing a lubricating system for railroad steam engines that did not require trains to stop) invents an im proved rubber heel. Keds, Converse, and the Evolution of Sneakers In 1892, nine small rubber manufacturing companies consolidated to form the U.S. Rubber Company. Among them was the Goodyear Metallic Rubber Shoe Company, organized in the 1840s in Naugatuck, Connecticut, the first licensee of Charles Goodyears vulcanization process. While Plimsolls had been on the scene for nearly six decades, vulcanization was a game-changer for rubber-soled canvas shoes. From 1892 to 1913, the rubber footwear divisions of U.S. Rubber were manufacturing their products under 30 different brand names but the company decided to consolidate their brands under a single name. The initial favorite was Peds, from the Latin for foot, but another company already owned that trademark. By 1916, the choice had come down to two final alternatives: ​Veds  or Keds. The k sound won out and Keds were born. The same year, Keds introduced their Champion Sneaker for Women. Keds were first mass-marketed as canvas-top sneakers in 1917. Henry Nelson McKinney, a copywriter who worked for the N. W. Ayer Son Advertising Agency, coined the word sneaker to connote the quiet, stealthy nature of rubber-soled shoes. Other shoes, with the exception of moccasins, were noisy while sneakers were practically silent. (The Keds brand was acquired by the Stride Rite Corporation in 1979, which was in turn purchased by Wolverine World Wide in 2012). 1917 was a banner year for basketball shoes. Converse All Stars, the first shoe specifically designed for the game, were introduced. Soon after, Chuck Taylor, an iconic player of the day, became the brand ambassador. The design has remained pretty much the same over the years, and remain firmly ensconced in the cultural landscape today.   Early 20th Century Styles As at the close of the 19th century, low-heeled shoes began to fall increasingly out of favor and as the new century dawned, higher heels made a huge resurgence. However, not everyone was willing to suffer for fashion. In 1906, Chicago-based podiatrist William Mathias  Scholl  launched his eponymous brand of corrective footwear, Dr. Scholl’s. By the 1910s, morality and fashion were increasingly at odds. Nice girls were expected to play by a stringent set of rules, including those instituted with regard to the heel height of women’s shoes. Anything over three inches was considered â€Å"indecent.† Spectator shoes, the two-toned Oxfords commonly worn by British patrons of sporting events gained huge popularity among the well to do in England at the close of WWI. In America, however, spectators became part of the counterculture instead. By the ’40s, spectators often accompanied Zoot suits, the over-the-top outfits sported by African American and Hispanic men in defiance of the fashion status quo. One of the most innovative shoe designers of the 20th century, Salvatore Ferragamo, rose to fame in the 1930s. In addition to experimenting with unusual materials including kangaroo, crocodile, and fish skin, Ferragamo drew on historic inspiration for his shoes. His cork wedge sandals—often imitated and reimagined—are considered one of the most important shoe designs of the 20th century. Meanwhile, in Norway, a designer named Nils Gregoriusson Tveranger was looking to create a shoe that was truly comfortable and fashionable. His unisex innovation, a slip-on shoe called the Aurland moccasin was inspired by Native American moccasins and slip-ons favored by Norwegian fishermen. The shoes took off, both in Europe and in America. Not long after, the Spaulding family based in New Hampshire launched a similar shoe called The Loafer, which would eventually become the generic term for this slip-on style. In 1934, G. H. Bass debuted his Weejuns (a play on the word â€Å"Norwegian† as a nod to the homeland of the original designer). Weejuns had a distinctive strip of leather across the saddle featuring a cutout design. Kids who wore them started putting pennies or dimes into the slot, and the shoes became known as—you guessed it—Penny Loafers. The boat (or deck) shoe was invented by American boater Paul Sperry in 1935. After watching how his dog was able to maintain stability on ice, Sperry was inspired to cut grooves into the soles of his shoes and a brand was born. Post World War II the Latter Half of the 20th Century WWII was the crucible for a number of shoe trends. Doc Martens, combining comfortable air-cushioned soles with durable uppers were invented by Dr. Klaus Maertens in 1947. In 1949, Brothel creepers, the brainchild of British shoemaker George Cox, transformed the sole of an army boot into a thick exaggerated wedge made their debut. Loafers had long been considered a shoe of the hoi polloi in America but when the style was reinvented in 1953 by the House of Gucci, it became the shoe of choice for formal occasions for affluent fashion enthusiasts of both genders and remained so through the 1980s. Stiletto heels (whose name was a nod to a Sicilian fighting blade) became increasingly popular in the 1950s as the curvy female hourglass figure came back into vogue. Designer Roger Vivier of the House Dior is credited as having the most influence on shoes of this style from the period. While they’ve existed for more than 6,000 years in some form or other, the Y-shaped rubber sandals known as flip-flops became pretty much ubiquitous in the 1960s. The Birkenstock family have been making shoes since 1774, however, it wasn’t until 1964 when Karl Birkenstock transformed the arch support inserts for his shoes into soles for sandals that the company became a household name. During the 1970s disco craze, platform shoes became hot, hot, hot. Taking a leaf from Salvatore Ferragamo’s designs from four decades earlier, men and women hit the dance floor in outrageously high shoes.  One of the most popular brands of the era was Candie’s, a clothing brand that launched in 1978. Ugg boots debut in 1978. Uggs were originally made of sheepskin and worn by Australian surfers to warm up their feet after being in the water. In 1978, after Brian Smith imported Uggs to California under the label UGG Australia, the brand took off and has remained a fashion staple ever since but knockoffs in a variety of synthetic and cheaper materials have flooded the market. With the 1980s came a fitness craze that changed the shape of footwear. Designers such as Reebok increasingly took branding and specialization to heart in hopes of raising both profile and profits. The most successful athletic brand to cash in on this trend is Nike’s Air Jordan, which encompasses basketball shoes and athletic and casual style clothing. The brand was created for five-time NBA MVP Michael Jordan.  Designed for Nike by Peter Moore,  Tinker Hatfield, and Bruce Kilgore, the original Air Jordan sneakers were produced in 1984 and were solely for Jordan’s use, but were released to the public later that year. The brand continues to thrive in the 2000s. Vintage Air Jordans, especially those with some special personal connection to Michael Jordan, have sold for exorbitant prices (the highest recorded as of 2018 was in excess of $100,000). Sources â€Å"Timeline: A History of Shoes†. Victoria Albert Museumâ€Å"History of the Penny Loafer†. Tricker’s EnglandAcedera, Shane. â€Å"The Most Expensive Air Jordans†. SportOne. May 18, 2018Cartwright, Mark. â€Å"Foot Binding†. Ancient History Encyclopedia. September 27, 2017